DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF EUCARYOTIC CYTOCHROME C GENES

细胞色素c在产生能量的电子 线粒体的转移反应。 甘油醛3-P脱氢酶 GAPDH是碳水化合物代谢中重要的关键糖酵解酶， 在能源生产中。 这种酶在肌肉中特别活跃， 进行差异化管理。 我们的长期目标是克隆并确定一个 细胞色素c基因和GAPDH基因的数量，以及它们的假基因， 并获得基因进化的基本信息， 假基因 以下生物体是 主要分歧事件之间的演化时期，将涵盖 这项研究和早期的研究：人类，猴子，大鼠，鸡，青蛙，金枪鱼， 果蝇、蜗牛、水稻、拟南芥、银杏和酵母。 两个附加 该提案的目标是（a）研究肌肉特异性调节， 果蝇中的GAPDH基因;和（B）研究 表达了我们发现的大鼠GAPDH假基因。 我们之所以选择细胞色素c基因和GAPDH基因用于治疗， 初步研究是：（a）超过90种细胞色素c蛋白质序列， 已知10种GAPDH蛋白质序列。 (b)这两种蛋白质相对 在一级和三级结构中高度保守。 （c）第（1）款 细胞色素c和GAPDH存在于所有真核生物中。 上一 有三个原因，细胞色素c已经作为一个有用的模型， 分子进化分析 (d)同时，大量的克隆人 携带细胞色素c样或GAPDH样假基因序列的人， 在我们的实验室里隔离。 我们计划研究更多的基因和假基因， 使用一种新的方法来鉴定一个功能基因， 很多假基因

Cytochrome c plays an essential role in the energy-yielding electron transfer reactions of mitochondria. Glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key glycolytic enzyme important in carbohydrate metabolism and in energy production. This enzyme is especially active in muscle and may be differentially regulated. Our long-term goals are to clone and to determine the DNA sequence of a number of cytochrome c genes and GAPDH genes, as well as their pseudogenes, and to obtain fundamental information on the evolution of genes and pseudogenes. The following organisms, which are representatives of evolutionary periods between major divergence events, will be covered by this and earlier studies: human, monkey, rat, chicken, frog, tuna fish, fruit fly, snail, rice, Arabidopsis, ginkgo and yeast. Two additional goals of this proposal are (a) to study the muscle specific regulation of the GAPDH gene in the fruit fly; and (b) to study the regulation of expressed rat GAPDH pseudogenes that we have discovered. The reasons why we have chosen cytochrome c genes and GAPDH genes for the initial studies are: (a) Over 90 cytochrome c protein sequences and about 10 GAPDH protein sequences are known. (b) Both proteins are relatively highly conserved in both the primary and tertiary structures. (c) Cytochrome c and GAPDH are present in all eucaryotes. For the preceding three reasons, cytochrome c has already served as a useful model for molecular evolutionary analysis. (d) Also, a large number of clones carrying cytochrome c-like or GAPDH-like pseudogene sequences have been isolated in our laboratory. We plan to study more genes and pseudogenes by using a new approach for the identification of a functional gene from among many pseudogenes.