DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF EUCARYOTIC CYTOCHROME C GENES

细胞色素c在产生能量的电子中起着至关重要的作用。 线粒体的转移反应。甘油醛3-P脱氢酶 (GAPDH)是糖酵解的关键酶，在碳水化合物代谢和 在能源生产方面。这种酶在肌肉中特别活跃，可能 实行差别化监管。 我们的长期目标是克隆和确定一种 细胞色素c基因和谷氨酸脱氢酶基因及其假基因的数量， 并获得关于基因进化的基本信息 假基因。下列生物体，它们是 主要分歧事件之间的演化期，将由 这项研究和更早的研究：人、猴子、老鼠、鸡、青蛙、金枪鱼， 果蝇、蜗牛、大米、拟南芥、银杏和酵母。另外两个 这项建议的目标是(A)研究肌肉的特定调节 目的：(B)研究果蝇体内GAPDH基因的调控。 表达了我们发现的大鼠GAPDH伪基因。 我们之所以选择细胞色素c基因和GAPDH基因作为 初步研究是：(A)90多个细胞色素c蛋白序列和大约 已知10个GAPDH蛋白序列。(B)两种蛋白质都是相对 在一级和三级结构中都高度保守。(C) 细胞色素c和谷氨酸脱氢酶存在于所有真核生物中。对于前面的内容 有三个原因，细胞色素c已经作为一个有用的模型 分子进化分析。(D)还有大量克隆人 携带类细胞色素c或类GAPDH的假基因序列已经被 在我们实验室里被隔离。我们计划通过以下方式研究更多的基因和假基因 使用一种新的方法从下列基因中鉴定一个功能基因 许多假基因。

Cytochrome c plays an essential role in the energy-yielding electron transfer reactions of mitochondria. Glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key glycolytic enzyme important in carbohydrate metabolism and in energy production. This enzyme is especially active in muscle and may be differentially regulated. Our long-term goals are to clone and to determine the DNA sequence of a number of cytochrome c genes and GAPDH genes, as well as their pseudogenes, and to obtain fundamental information on the evolution of genes and pseudogenes. The following organisms, which are representatives of evolutionary periods between major divergence events, will be covered by this and earlier studies: human, monkey, rat, chicken, frog, tuna fish, fruit fly, snail, rice, Arabidopsis, ginkgo and yeast. Two additional goals of this proposal are (a) to study the muscle specific regulation of the GAPDH gene in the fruit fly; and (b) to study the regulation of expressed rat GAPDH pseudogenes that we have discovered. The reasons why we have chosen cytochrome c genes and GAPDH genes for the initial studies are: (a) Over 90 cytochrome c protein sequences and about 10 GAPDH protein sequences are known. (b) Both proteins are relatively highly conserved in both the primary and tertiary structures. (c) Cytochrome c and GAPDH are present in all eucaryotes. For the preceding three reasons, cytochrome c has already served as a useful model for molecular evolutionary analysis. (d) Also, a large number of clones carrying cytochrome c-like or GAPDH-like pseudogene sequences have been isolated in our laboratory. We plan to study more genes and pseudogenes by using a new approach for the identification of a functional gene from among many pseudogenes.