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Water quality measurement in regions of poor sanitation

卫生条件差地区的水质测量

基本信息

批准号：
EP/H003061/1
负责人：
John Bridgeman
金额：
$ 25.16万
依托单位：
University of Birmingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2009
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2009 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FH003061%2F1
关键词：
Water quality measurement regions poor

项目摘要

Microbiological waterborne disease remains a significant concern for the world wide water community, as pathogens (from human and animal wastes) in drinking water sources (streams, wells) cause ill health. These issues disproportionately affect the poor in developing countries. For example, 1.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water supplies and 2.6 billion are without access to improved sanitation services. Conditions are most severe in sub-Saharan Africa where 42% of the population is without improved water and 64% are without improved sanitation. The UN Millennium Development Goals aim to halve the number of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015, as the global disease burden of water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases is approximately 82 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). This critical public health issue would benefit from improved detection methods. Obtaining standard counts of faecal coliforms takes in excess of 30 hours and needs skilled training and laboratory conditions for the preparation of samples. Consequently, their use is problematic and infrequent, even though rapid drinking water quality checks are essential to prevent rapid disease spread and death. Also, these techniques are beyond the reach of the poorest communities that are in urgent need of drinking water and sanitation improvements. We propose a novel and innovative solution to this problem by measuring drinking water fluorescence. All water fluoresces, although the insensitivity of the human eye to the appropriate wavelengths renders fluorescence invisible to us. However, off-the-shelf equipment can detect this fluorescence, and a large body of research has demonstrated that water fluorescence is particularly good at identifying faecal contamination (both human and animal). The focus of this proposal is derived from the widespread observation of intrinsic fluorescence emitted at 340-370 nm under excitation at either 220-240 nm or 270-280 nm in all types of faecal derived waters; commonly referred to as fluorescence peak T, or tryptophan-like fluorescence. We will develop a fluorescence sensor that will permit the real-time, hand held sensing of the microbiological quality of drinking water, particularly in areas of poor or no sanitation as widely found in developing countries and during disaster relief scenarios. Advantages of fluorescence screening of drinking water include rapid analysis time. Results are available in less than 1 minute, significantly improving on existing coliform count technology. The technique uses cheap, off-the-shelf equipment (fluorescence spectrophotometers) that is portable (from the back of 4x4 vehicles or temporary field labs). Finally, there is the ability to have both expert interpretation of results as well as simplified pictorial interpretation by non-experts in individual communities and therefore have capacity to involve poor water users themselves in the application of the technology. Stakeholder participation at all levels will be possible.

微生物性水传播疾病仍然是世界范围内水资源界的一个重要问题，因为饮用水源（溪流、威尔斯）中的病原体（来自人类和动物粪便）会导致健康不良。这些问题对发展中国家穷人的影响尤为严重。例如，11亿人无法获得安全饮用水供应，26亿人无法获得经改善的卫生服务。撒哈拉以南非洲的情况最为严重，42%的人口没有改善的水，64%的人口没有改善的卫生设施。联合国千年发展目标旨在到2015年将无法获得安全饮用水的人数减半，因为全球与水、环境卫生和个人卫生有关的疾病负担约为8200万残疾调整生命年。这一关键的公共卫生问题将受益于改进的检测方法。获得粪便大肠菌群的标准计数需要30多个小时，并且需要熟练的培训和制备样品的实验室条件。因此，它们的使用是有问题的，而且不经常，尽管快速饮用水质量检查对防止疾病迅速传播和死亡至关重要。此外，迫切需要改善饮用水和卫生条件的最贫穷社区无法获得这些技术。我们提出了一种新颖的和创新的解决方案，通过测量饮用水荧光这个问题。所有的水都会发出荧光，尽管人眼对适当波长的不敏感性使我们看不到荧光。然而，现成的设备可以检测到这种荧光，大量的研究表明，水荧光特别适合识别粪便污染（人类和动物）。该建议的重点来自于在220-240 nm或270-280 nm激发下在340-370 nm发射的内源荧光的广泛观察，该内源荧光在所有类型的粪便来源的沃茨中;通常被称为荧光峰T或类荧光。我们将开发一种荧光传感器，它将允许实时、手持地感测饮用水的微生物质量，特别是在发展中国家普遍存在的卫生条件差或没有卫生条件的地区以及在救灾情况下。饮用水荧光筛查的优点包括快速分析时间。在不到1分钟的时间内即可获得结果，大大改善了现有的大肠菌群计数技术。该技术使用便宜的现成设备（荧光光度计），该设备是便携式的（从4x 4车辆或临时现场实验室的后部）。最后，有能力让专家对结果作出解释，也有能力让个别社区的非专家作出简化的图示解释，因此有能力让贫穷的用水者自己参与技术的应用。所有级别的利益攸关方都可以参与。