PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES IF THE INFANT CRY AND RELATED VOCALIZATIONS

这些研究检查了神经解剖学和神经药理学。 与产生隔离呼叫相关的机制和相关 非人灵长类动物的发声，作为理解 人类发声表达情感的神经学和生理学 婴儿。今年的主要发现如下：1)试图证实 在灵长类动物模型中，神经肽缩胆囊素在调节 恐慌症发作没有成功。然而，在这个过程中， 我们在实验中发现了明显不同的反应性曲线 雄性和雌性松鼠猴子对短暂的轻度压力环境的反应 社会隔离和暴露在令人震惊的视觉刺激中。男性秀场 在这两种测试情况下，女性比女性更活跃，而且 分离时的发声活动更多。女性发声更多的时候 令人惊慌的测试。此外，男性和女性表现出不同的 服用抗胆碱能药物苯那西林的反应性 男性减少了运动活动，增加了引起惊慌的声音 活跃度降至未经治疗的雌性水平，而雌性在 运动活动，但会将警报引发的声音活动增加到一定程度 2-3次以上的车辆试验。2)杏仁核和 颞下皮质对男女发声反应的调节作用 在幼年恒河猴身上发现了短暂的社会分离。 男性婴儿产生更多音调和更少可变的趋势 这种情况下的发音在双侧消融后消失 下颞叶皮质。相反，杏仁核的双侧消融， 从IT皮质接收输入，导致更严重的声学 女婴分离叫声的改变。3)分析 早产儿脑室出血的哭声提示 对常规操作反应迟钝，表现为软弱、差劲 精心设计的哭声模式。出院后对这些婴儿进行跟踪观察 重症监护托儿所将允许评估哭声模式 与IVH诊断结果相关的变化。

These studies examine the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological mechanisms related to production of the isolation call and related vocalizations in nonhuman primates, as a model for understanding the neurology and physiology of the vocal expression of affect in human infants. Major findings this year were as follows: 1) Attempts to confirm in a primate model a role for the neuropeptide cholecystokinin in mediating panic attacks were unsuccessful. However, during the course of these experiments we discovered a clear difference in the reactivity profile of male and female squirrel monkeys to the mildly stressful contexts of brief social separation and exposure to alarm-raking visual stimuli. Males show greater locomotor activity than females during both test situations, and more vocal activity during separation. Females vocalize more during alarm-provoking testing. Furthermore, males and females exhibit different responsivity to administration of the anticholinergic drug benactyzine, in that males decrease locomotor activity and increase alarm-provoked vocal activity to levels of untreated females, whereas females show no change in locomotor activity but do increase alarm-provoked vocal activity to levels 2-3 times above vehicle trials. 2) the role of the amygdala and inferotemporal cortex in regulating male and female vocal responses to brief periods of social separation was clarified in infant rhesus macaques. The tendency for male infants to produce more tonal and less variable vocalizations in this context disappears following bilateral ablation of the inferotemporal cortex. Conversely, bilateral ablations of the amygdala, which receives input from IT cortex, result in a more severe acoustic alteration in the separation calls of female infants. 3) analysis of the cries of premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) indicates a hyporesponsiveness to routine manipulations, manifested by weak, poorly elaborated cry patterns. Following these infants after discharge from the intensive care nursery will permit assessment of cry acoustic pattern changes in association with resolution of the IVH diagnosis.