PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES IF THE INFANT CRY AND RELATED VOCALIZATIONS

这些研究检查了神经解剖学和神经药理学 与产生隔离呼叫相关的机制以及相关的 非人类灵长类动物的发声，作为理解 人类情感声音表达的神经学和生理学 婴儿。今年的主要发现如下：1）试图证实 在灵长类动物模型中， 惊恐发作没有成功。然而，在这些过程中， 实验中，我们发现了一个明显的差异，在反应曲线， 雄性和雌性松鼠猴对短暂的轻度压力环境的反应 社会分离和暴露于视觉刺激的危险。男性表演 在两种测试情况下，运动活动都比雌性大， 分离时的发声活动更多。雌性在哺乳期 令人震惊的测试此外，男性和女性表现出不同的 对抗胆碱能药物苯那替嗪给药的反应性， 雄性减少了自发活动， 活性与未处理雌性的水平相比，而雌性在 但确实会增加警报引起的声音活动， 2-3比车辆试验次数多。2)杏仁核的作用， 下颞叶皮层在调节男性和女性对 在幼年恒河猴中阐明了短暂的社会分离期。 男性婴儿产生更多音调和更少变化的倾向 这种情况下的发声在双侧消融后消失， 颞下皮层相反，双侧杏仁核切除， 它接收来自IT皮层的输入，导致更严重的声学 女婴分离时叫声的改变。3)分析 脑室内出血（IVH）早产儿的哭声表明 对常规操作的低反应性，表现为虚弱， 精心设计的哭泣模式这些婴儿出院后， 重症监护室将允许评估哭泣声模式 与IVH诊断消退相关的变化。

These studies examine the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological mechanisms related to production of the isolation call and related vocalizations in nonhuman primates, as a model for understanding the neurology and physiology of the vocal expression of affect in human infants. Major findings this year were as follows: 1) Attempts to confirm in a primate model a role for the neuropeptide cholecystokinin in mediating panic attacks were unsuccessful. However, during the course of these experiments we discovered a clear difference in the reactivity profile of male and female squirrel monkeys to the mildly stressful contexts of brief social separation and exposure to alarm-raking visual stimuli. Males show greater locomotor activity than females during both test situations, and more vocal activity during separation. Females vocalize more during alarm-provoking testing. Furthermore, males and females exhibit different responsivity to administration of the anticholinergic drug benactyzine, in that males decrease locomotor activity and increase alarm-provoked vocal activity to levels of untreated females, whereas females show no change in locomotor activity but do increase alarm-provoked vocal activity to levels 2-3 times above vehicle trials. 2) the role of the amygdala and inferotemporal cortex in regulating male and female vocal responses to brief periods of social separation was clarified in infant rhesus macaques. The tendency for male infants to produce more tonal and less variable vocalizations in this context disappears following bilateral ablation of the inferotemporal cortex. Conversely, bilateral ablations of the amygdala, which receives input from IT cortex, result in a more severe acoustic alteration in the separation calls of female infants. 3) analysis of the cries of premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) indicates a hyporesponsiveness to routine manipulations, manifested by weak, poorly elaborated cry patterns. Following these infants after discharge from the intensive care nursery will permit assessment of cry acoustic pattern changes in association with resolution of the IVH diagnosis.