DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE ACTIVATION TASKS FOR FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING

在过去的一年里，我们开发了各种认知任务 功能神经成像在正电子发射计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像中的应用 1.我们开发了空间延迟反应任务，该任务涉及 在短时间内保持非语言信息。宠物的激活是 在物理分布的神经网络中记录，包括前额叶 皮质、枕叶皮质和辅助运动皮质。 2.我们开发了一种语言流畅性范式，该范式涉及Pace 流利地掌握语音材料(即，受试者被要求说 以给定字母开头的单词越多越好 语义流畅(要求主语陈述多个语义 尽可能地提供给定类别的样本)。我们发现PET被激活了 左侧Broca区和Wernike区的语音流畅性 半球。我们发现语义流畅性的激活程度相对较高 在上颞叶。这两种流利的范例也要求 前额叶和扣带回的活动，可能与提取有关。 3.我们开发了连续工作记忆任务，在该任务中 面对以下情况，必须在短时间内保持信息 干扰。在这项任务中，受试者必须回答一个数字 以前曾出现过，但不再以 给出了一组连续的数字。在这项任务中，有“一” 背部和两个背部“的条件，以操纵难度。 4.发展了双重任务干扰范式，以评估 难度水平的显著提高是否会产生更大的激活 在给定的区域中或在给定的区域中较小的激活。初步 结果表明，小脑可能参与双重任务， 也许，与“分时”功能有关。 5.视频游戏环境中的快速手指敲击程序将 用来激活多巴胺能神经元，希望 多巴胺能引起基底节区域的激活 神经元活动。

Over the past year, we have developed a variety of cognitive tasks for functional neuroimaging in PET and MRI. 1. We have developed a spatial delayed response task that involves maintaining non-verbal information over short delays. PET activation was noted in a physically distributed neural network that included prefrontal cortex, occipital cortex, and supplementary motor cortex. 2. We have developed a verbal fluency paradigm which involves paced fluency for phonologic materials (i.e., the subject is asked to say as many words beginning with a given letter as possible in comparison to semantic fluency (the subject is requested to state as many semantic exemplars of a given category as possible). We found PET activation for phonologic fluency in Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere. We found relatively greater activation for semantic fluency in the superior temporal lobe. Both fluency paradigms also demanded prefrontal and cingulate activity, perhaps in relationship to retrieval. 3. We have developed continuous working memory task in which numeric information must be maintained over short delays in the face of interference. In this task, the subject must respond to a number that had been previously present, but was no longer present on the screen as a continuous set of numbers is presented. In this task, there are "one back and two back" conditions in order to manipulate difficulty. 4. A dual task interference paradigm was developed in order to assess whether marked increases in difficulty level produce greater activation in a given region or less activation in a given region. Preliminary results indicated that the cerebellum may participate in dual tasks, perhaps, in relationship to a "time-sharing" function. 5. A rapid finger tapping procedure in the context of a video game will be used in order to activate dopaminergic neurons in the hope of producing activation in basal ganglia regions due to dopaminergic neuronal activity.