Terrorism and Traumatic Responding: Exposure and Resiliency Factors

描述(由调查人员提供)：随着恐怖主义在全球范围内的兴起和9·11事件，人们对恐怖主义的心理影响越来越感兴趣，特别是它与创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、抑郁症和一般心理困扰的关系，以及不健康的行为(即使用/滥用化学品和吸烟)。这是一个关键的美国公共卫生问题，因为需要计划和准备，以防未来发生针对美国目标的恐怖事件。迄今为止，研究尚未审查多重或持续恐怖主义的影响，以及人们的复原力和脆弱性如何导致心理痛苦或在应对多重恐怖主义威胁或袭击时造成不健康行为。了解重大多重创伤的影响在理论上很重要，因为我们需要概念化这些恢复力和脆弱性因素随着时间和多重创伤需求的表现。我们将在以色列进行三项研究。在第一项研究中，1500名犹太人和阿拉伯人(穆斯林和基督徒)将通过电话进行三次前瞻性调查，调查间隔六个月。这将允许审查关于恐怖主义如何随着时间的推移影响个人的因果模型。在研究2中，我们将每三个月调查1,000名犹太人和阿拉伯人，为期24个月(即，n=8,000)，并完全替换(即，每3个月一个新样本)。这将使人们能够更多地从中观角度了解恐怖主义如何随着时间的推移对一般民众产生影响。在研究1和研究2中，我们将研究(1)恐怖事件如何影响创伤后应激障碍、抑郁、一般心理困扰和不健康行为(即使用/滥用化学品、吸烟)，(2)当恐怖主义和恐怖主义威胁持续时，弹性因素是否继续限制负面创伤后遗症，(3)随着恐怖事件和恐怖主义威胁的继续，易感性因素是否在创伤后应激障碍、抑郁、一般心理困扰和不健康行为的恶化中变得越来越负面，以及(4)暴露于恐怖主义和随后的创伤后应激障碍、抑郁和一般心理困扰如何反过来与防御性应对方式有关，以支持极端政治暴力、威权主义和种族中心主义为特征的。在研究3中，我们将通过电话采访150人(来自研究2)，然后使用标准化的临床访谈(50个希伯来语、50个俄语和50个阿拉伯语)进行面谈。这将使对诊断创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症的电话估计的有效性进行检查，特别是。

DESCRIPTION (provided by investigator): With the worldwide rise of terrorism and the events of September 11th, there is increased interest in terrorism's psychological impact, and in particular, its relationship to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and general psychological distress, as well as unhealthy behavior (i.e., chemical use/abuse and smoking). This is a critical U.S. public health issue as planning and preparedness are called for in case of future terrorist events against U.S. targets. To date, studies have not examined the effects of multiple or ongoing terrorism and accordingly how people's resiliency and vulnerability contribute to psychological distress or to unhealthy behavior in response to multiple terrorist threats or strikes. Understanding major multiple traumas' impact is theoretically important as we need to conceptualize how these resiliency and vulnerability factors behave over time and multiple traumatic demands. We will conduct three studies in Israel. In Study I, 1,500 Jewish and Arab (Moslem and Christian) individuals will be surveyed prospectively by phone on three occasions, six months apart. This will allow examination of causal modeling regarding how terrorism impacts individuals over time. In Study 2, we will survey 1,000 individual Jews and Arabs every three-months for 24 months (i.e., n=8,000), with complete replacement (i.e., a new sample each 3 months). This will allow for more mesosocial representation of how terrorism impacts the population in general over time. In studies 1 and 2 we will examine (1) how terrorist events affect PTSD, depression, general psychological distress, and unhealthy behavior (i.e., chemical use/abuse, smoking), (2) whether resiliency factors continue to limit negative trauma sequalae when terrorism and threat of terrorism is ongoing, (3) whether vulnerability factors become increasingly negative in exacerbation of PTSD, depression, general psychological distress, and unhealthy behavior as terrorist events and threats of terrorism continue, and (4) how exposure to terrorism and subsequent PTSD, depression, and general psychological distress are, in turn, related to a defensive coping style, characterized by support for extreme political violence, authoritarianism, and ethnocentrism. In Study 3 we will interview 150 individuals (drawn from Study 2) by telephone and then in-person using standardized clinical interviews (50 Hebrew, 50 Russian, and 50 Arabic). This will enable examination of the validity of phone estimates of diagnosis of PTSD and depression, in particular.