STRESS MEASURES/PSYCHOMETRICS

压力测量/心理测量

• 批准号: 7881326
• 负责人: STEVAN HOBFOLL
• 金额: $ 5.99万
• 依托单位: RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-04-01 至 2015-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7881326
• 关键词: Affect; Alcohol consumption; Anxiety; Behavior; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cessation of life; Chronic; Diabetes Mellitus; Divorce; Domestic Violence; Down-Regulation; Economics; Employment; Event; Exercise; Exposure to; Forcible intercourse; Fostering; Fright; Goals; Grant; Health; Immune system; Income; Individual; Inflammatory; Injury; Intervention; Knowledge; Life; Life Stress; Link; Low income; Measures; Mental Depression; Natural Disasters; Neighborhoods; Numbness; Obesity; Persons; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Population; Process; Psychometrics; Research; Research Personnel; Role; Shock; Sleep disturbances; Smoking; Stress; Symptoms; Time; Trauma; Violence; assault; combat; ethnic minority population; experience; health disparity; loved ones; member; physical assault; physical conditioning; prevent; stressor; vehicular accident

Urban residents with low incomes and of ethnic minority background are highly likely to experience significant chronic exposure to major life stressors and to traumatic stress.^^"^'' Although research on health disparities has at times focused on major life stress, there has been relatively little focus on traumatic stress, and again, are much more likely than higher income and majority population members to be exposed to traumatic stressors.[24,25] Key to the association with health, both major life stressors and traumatic stressors are likely to increase lifetime depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms.[25,26] Further, major life and traumatic stressors may both indirectly affect physical health through their influence on behaviors, including drug and alcohol use, smoking, sleep disturbance, avoidance of exercise (for legitimate fear of places to exercise due to dangerous neighborhoods)[27-29], as well as directly affect physical health through their influence on down regulation of the immune system and inflammatory processes.[30-32] Both down regulation of.the immune system and inflammatory processes have been linked with cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and blood pressure.[30,33-38] These processes have only begun to be studied and have seldom been study in applied health contexts. Critically, they have not to our knowledge been studied uniformly across several health interventions in order to explore their impact. For the purposes of this grant it is helpful to define our key terms around stress: Major life stressors are objective events that threaten or produce profound negative adaptational consequences in most individuals or that threaten or produce profound losses of objects, situations or persons that are highly valued by most individuals.[39] These include, but are not limited to, loss of employment, loss of a loved one, major health problems, divorce or separation from a loved one, and severe economic problems. Traumatic stressors are shocking and emotionally ovenwhelming events that are typically experienced with intense fear, horror, numbness, or helplessness. These events usually involve actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual or other physical assault. They can be one-time occurrences, such as a natural disaster, rape, violent assault, or a motor vehicle accident, or be ongoing and chronic, such as the case of domestic violence or combat exposure.[40]

低收入和少数民族背景的城市居民极有可能长期暴露于主要生活压力源和创伤应激。尽管对健康差距的研究有时集中在主要生活压力上，但对创伤压力的关注相对较少，而且再次表明，与收入较高和大多数人口成员相比，更有可能接触到创伤压力源。[24，25]与健康相关的关键是，主要生活压力源和创伤应激源都可能增加终生抑郁、焦虑和创伤后应激(PTS)症状。[25，26]进一步，主要的生活和创伤应激源可能通过对行为的影响间接影响身体健康，包括吸毒和酗酒、吸烟、睡眠障碍、避免运动(由于危险的社区而合理地害怕运动场所)[27-29]，以及直接影响。 通过影响免疫系统和炎症过程的下调来影响身体健康。免疫系统和炎症过程的下调都与心血管疾病、肥胖症、糖尿病和血压有关。[30，33-38]这些过程才刚刚开始研究，很少在应用健康的背景下进行研究。关键的是，据我们所知，为了探索它们的影响，还没有在几个卫生干预措施中对它们进行统一的研究。 就这笔赠款而言，定义我们围绕压力的关键术语是有帮助的： 主要的生活应激源是威胁或产生深刻负面适应性的客观事件 [39]这些包括但不限于失业、失去所爱的人、重大健康问题、离婚或与所爱的人离婚或分居，以及严重的经济问题。 创伤应激源是令人震惊的、情感上令人振奋的事件，通常伴随着强烈的恐惧、恐怖、麻木或无助。这些事件通常涉及实际或威胁死亡、严重伤害、性侵犯或其他身体攻击。它们可以是一次性发生的，如自然灾害、强奸、暴力袭击或机动车事故，也可以是持续和长期的，如家庭暴力或战斗暴露。