GxE in Early Childhood: Twin Mothers

描述（由申请人提供）：该R 01申请是四个协调R 01赠款之一，其主要重点是对基因-环境相互作用（GE相关性和GxE相互作用）对幼儿早期社会、情感和行为问题变化的影响进行前瞻性表征。该R 01使用双胞胎的孩子（COT）范例，建立在对首次在青春期评估的女性同性双胞胎对的前瞻性研究基础上（N=3277对双胞胎在成年早期的第4波评估，年龄18-26）。COT设计对于解决（i）与伴侣选择相关的GE相关效应，（ii）由于父母的遗传性状预测后代高风险环境暴露的概率增加而产生的GE相关效应特别强大。假设检验将被整合到一个理论框架中，该框架考虑了3个元模型-（行为控制不足/去抑制;行为抑制/负性情感;药物损伤/物质依赖），以了解年轻女性之间的遗传和表型差异，以及早期经验的差异（童年创伤，养育环境），有助于他们现在或未来的后代的环境风险的逐步级联的风险。基因与环境的相互作用是从发展的角度考虑的，考虑到孕前的影响（伴侣选择，关系形成），产前影响（早期妊娠与延迟妊娠、孕妇怀孕期间吸烟和饮酒）、产后立即环境（家庭社会经济劣势，高风险社区），早期家庭环境（父母之间的关系和关系的解除，以及养育行为;早期创伤事件）和外部环境影响（获得高质量的日托，学校教育）。两波资料收集从年轻的成年女性双胞胎对，通过电话采访（第一波目标N=2622次访谈，2年随访N=2490次访谈）将描述关系和怀孕史以及早期养育行为，感知伴侣行为和情感问题（预计N=2100个合作伙伴，每波有20%的人完成访谈）和儿童的情绪和行为问题（预计N=2000个后代），并将获得双胞胎风险因素的最新评估。结合R 01 2-4，这些数据将允许一个强大的决议有关GE的相互作用对幼儿的影响的假设。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This R01 application is one of four coordinated R01 Grants whose primary focus is the prospective characterization of effects on variation in the early social, emotional and behavioral problems of young children of gene-environment interplay (GE correlation and GxE interaction). This R01 makes use of a children-of-twins (COT) paradigm, building upon a prospective study of female like-sex twin pairs who were first assessed in adolescence (N=3277 twins assessed at wave 4 in early adulthood, ages 18-26). The COT design is particularly powerful for resolving (i) GE correlation effects associated with partner selection, (ii) GE correlation effects arising because heritable traits in parents predict increased probability of offspring high risk environmental exposures. Hypothesis-testing will be integrated within a theoretical framework that considers 3 meta-models -(behavioral under-control/disinhibition; behavioral inhibition/negative affect; pharmacologic impairment/substance dependence) for understanding how genetic and phenotypic differences between young women, in combination with differences in early experience (childhood trauma, rearing environment), contribute to risk of a progressive cascade of environmental risk for their present or future offspring. Gene-environment interplay is considered from a developmental perspective that considers pre-conception effects (partner selection, relationship formation), prenatal effects (early versus delayed pregnancy, maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy), immediate post-natal environment (family socioeconomic disadvantage, high-risk neighborhood), early family environment (parent-parent relationship and relationship dissolution, and parenting behaviors; early traumatic events) and external environmental influences (access to high quality day-care, schooling). Two waves of data collection from the young adult female twin pairs, by telephone interview (target N=2622 interviews at wave one, N=2490 interviews at 2-year follow-up) will characterize relationship and pregnancy histories and early parenting behavior, perceived partner behavioral and emotional problems (projected N=2100 partners, with 20 percent completing interviews at each wave) and children's emotional and behavioral problems (projected N=2000 offspring), and will obtain updated assessments of twin risk-factors. In conjunction with R01s 2-4, these data will permit a powerful resolution of hypotheses concerning GE interplay effects on young children.