Enhanced Membrane Systems for Supplying Quality Drinking Water

用于供应优质饮用水的增强型膜系统

• 批准号: 8517336
• 负责人: Andrew Feiring
• 金额: $ 24.06万
• 依托单位: COMPACT MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, INC.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-07-05 至 2016-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8517336
• 关键词: Acids; Air; Bacteria; Biocompatible Materials; Campylobacter; Carcinogens; Chemicals; Chlorine; Cholera; Communicable Diseases; Communities; Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium parvum; Cyst; Developing Countries; Diffuse; Disease; Disease Outbreaks; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Dyes; Effectiveness; Energy-Generating Resources; Enterobacteria phage MS2; Enterococcus faecalis; Environmental Hazards; Environmental Health; Escherichia coli; Excision; Film; Generations; Giardia lamblia; Growth; Halogens; Hazardous Substances; Heating; Human poliovirus; Legionnaires' Disease; Letters; Ligands; Light; Link; Malignant Neoplasms; Membrane; Methods; Microsporidium; Norovirus; Occupational Health; Organic solvent product; Organism; Oxygen; Parasites; Permeability; Phase; Phenols; Plants; Polioviruses; Polymers; Process; Production; Property; Reagent; Reproduction spores; Research; Research Infrastructure; Resistance; Resources; Rose Bengal; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Shapes; Shipping; Ships; Silicon; Singlet Oxygen; Site; Solubility; Solutions; Solvents; Source; Stream; Sunlight; System; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Time; Training; Trihalomethanes; Typhoid Fever; Ultraviolet Rays; United States National Institutes of Health; Violence; Virus; Visible Radiation; Water; base; chlorine dioxide; commercialization; cost; cost effective; drinking water; economic evaluation; innovation; killings; melting; microorganism; new technology; novel; oxidation; pathogen; programs; public health relevance; rural area; success; water organism; water treatment; waterborne

DESCRIPTION: Enhanced Membrane System for Supplying Quality Drinking Water Contaminants in Drinking Water: While many of the traditional waterborne diseases (cholera, typhoid) are now uncommon in the developed world, the continue to be a major cause of disease in developing countries and waterborne disease kills more people worldwide than all forms of violence. Waterborne disease outbreaks continue to occur within the US and the etiological agents vary considerably. A variety of bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter and toxigenic E. coli are frequently implicated in waterborne disease outbreaks as are noroviruses and the protozoan parasites Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium. Additionally outbreaks of Legionnaires Disease are relatively common, and although these are usually not linked directly to potable water, the organisms can often be found in buildings supplied with water from municipal systems. Based on these concerns, new treatment methods or techniques are needed that increase removal of these contaminants from existing drinking water treatment plants. An overlying challenge is to develop an effective disinfection technology that is convenient for relatively small communities and is also easily retrofitable into existing infrastructure and space limitations. Background: Chlorine dioxide and other halogens are routinely used for oxidation. In particular, chlorine is used extensively as a disinfectant to remove organics and biological materials from drinking water. Although it has a low cost and reasonable disinfecting capability, many problems are associated with chlorine. One is that it is a hazardous material that must be shipped and stored at the site where it is to be used. Another problem is chlorine's limited effectiveness in attacking cyst and spore forming organisms like Cryptosporidium and Microsporidium. Additionally, chlorine combines with natural organics like humic acid to produce carcinogens such as THMs (trihalomethanes). Chlorine is also less effective at killing viruses. Innovation: While there is significant effort to move from chlorine t enhanced oxidation chemicals (EOC) for sanitization and disinfection of water, the growth of EOC is significantly limited by the high cost of supply. To date, no one using membranes to enhance the supply of EOC can effectively reduce the major cost of supply. This program proposes for the first time significant reductions in EOC cost by the utilization of EOC resistant membranes for supplying EOC. This program will greatly enhance the utilization of EOC for water disinfection. This greater utilization of EOC will dramatically increase destruction of viruses as well as reduce the production of trihalomethanes (THM's). Product Concept: It is proposed to construct novel polymer membrane systems for the generation and use of EOC as a reagent for effecting purification with minimal environmental hazard. Compact Membrane Systems (CMS) will fabricate an integrated membrane/EOC system for production of drinking water. CMS, in Phase I, will first fabricate the system and then demonstrate the destruction of appropriate contaminants (e.g. E. Coli, Enterococcus Faecalis, MS2 bacteriophage Poliovirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Legionelle pneumophila, and Salmonella enterica plus specific chemicals, phenol, and humic acid), Cryptosporidium or appropriate surrogate. Long term testing and appropriate forms of the membrane system will also be evaluated. Finally, economic evaluations will be completed to make sure proposed system is economically competitive. NIH: There is broad value for this product within NIH. First reduction in THM will reduce cancer. Second enhanced disinfection will reduce infectious diseases. Third it will be of value to environmental health and occupational health activities.

产品说明：饮用水中的污染物：虽然许多传统的水传播疾病（霍乱，伤寒）现在在发达国家已经不常见，但水传播疾病仍然是发展中国家疾病的主要原因，水传播疾病在世界范围内造成的死亡人数超过了所有形式的暴力。水传播疾病的爆发继续发生在美国和病原体有很大的不同。沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌、大肠杆菌等多种细菌对大肠杆菌的致病性有重要影响。大肠杆菌和诺如病毒以及原生动物寄生虫贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫经常与水传播疾病爆发有关。此外，军团菌病的爆发相对常见，尽管这些疾病通常与饮用水没有直接联系，但这些生物体通常可以在市政系统供水的建筑物中发现。 基于这些问题，需要新的处理方法或技术，以增加从现有饮用水处理厂中去除这些污染物。一个重要的挑战是开发一种有效的消毒技术， 方便相对较小的社区，也很容易改造成现有的基础设施和空间限制。背景：二氧化氯和其他卤素通常用于氧化。特别是，氯被广泛用作消毒剂，以去除饮用水中的有机物和生物材料。虽然它具有低成本和合理的消毒能力，但许多问题与氯有关。一个是它是一种危险材料，必须在使用地点运输和储存。另一个问题是氯在攻击包囊和孢子形成有机体如隐孢子虫和微孢子虫方面的有效性有限。此外，氯与天然有机物如腐殖酸结合产生致癌物质，如THMs（三卤甲烷）。氯在杀死病毒方面也不那么有效。创新：虽然有显着的努力，从氯到增强氧化化学品（EOC）的卫生和消毒的水，EOC的增长显着限制了高成本的供应。到目前为止，没有人使用膜来增加EOC的供应，可以有效地降低供应的主要成本。该计划首次提出通过利用耐EOC膜供应EOC来显著降低EOC成本。该项目将大大提高EOC在水消毒中的利用率。EOC的这种更大的利用将显著增加对病毒的破坏以及减少三卤甲烷（THM）的产生。产品理念：提出了构建新型聚合物膜系统用于产生和使用EOC作为试剂以实现具有最小环境危害的纯化。紧凑型膜系统（CMS）将制造用于生产饮用水的集成膜/EOC系统。CMS，在第一阶段，将首先制造系统，然后证明适当的污染物（如E。大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌、MS 2噬菌体脊髓灰质炎病毒、微小隐孢子虫、嗜肺军团菌和肠道沙门氏菌加特定化学品、苯酚和腐殖酸）、隐孢子虫或适当的替代物。还将对膜系统的长期测试和适当形式进行评价。最后，将完成经济评估，以确保拟议的系统在经济上具有竞争力。 NIH：该产品在NIH中具有广泛的价值。首先，减少THM会减少癌症。第二，加强消毒将减少传染病。第三，它将对环境卫生和职业卫生活动具有价值。