Pubertal Stress Recalibration Hypothesis

描述（由申请人提供）：有严重不良早期生活史的青少年在从童年过渡到青春期时，情绪问题增加的风险增加了一倍。这种风险可能反映了在生命早期敏感时期压力调节系统对恶劣条件的校准。然而，并非所有有此类经历的年轻人都会受到影响。本研究验证了新的青春期压力再校准假说；特别是青春期开启了第二个敏感期，使压力调节系统在接近性成熟时适应当前的生活条件。对于经历过不良早期护理的青少年，如果同时存在的压力源较低，青春期发育会使压力系统活动转变为没有这种经历的青少年的压力系统活动，如果当前的生活条件有压力，压力活动会高度敏感。我们的目标参与者将是国际上从孤儿院收养的青少年（后机构，PI），与在原籍家庭中抚养的青少年（非收养，NA）进行比较。我们将在3个时间点（0岁、1岁和2岁）每年对368名青少年进行随访。使用加速纵向设计（4组：7-8岁、9-10岁、11-12岁、13-14岁）和生长曲线模型可以检查青春期（7 - 16岁）的大范围。每年测量PI和NA青年的HPA轴（唾液皮质醇），SAM系统（前喷射期）与当前生活压力（每年完成的青年生活压力访谈）和青春期阶段（每年护士指导的Tanner分期）的关系。使用特里尔儿童社会压力测试和皮质醇觉醒反应（CAR）的家庭评估来获得压力调节系统活动的测量。我们之前对PI青年的研究表明，与1-2阶段的同年龄青年相比，Tanner阶段3-5的CAR正常化。这一建议是该研究的合理延伸，也将测试压力系统活动的变化介导青春期情绪问题症状增加的假设。本研究的结果将有助于确定青春期周边是否是对儿童进行干预的关键时期

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Youth with severely adverse early life histories are at double the risk of increased emotional problems as they transition from childhood into adolescence. This risk may reflect the calibration of stress-mediating systems to harsh conditions during sensitive periods early in life. Yet, not all youth with such histories are affected. The proposed study tests the novel pubertal stress recalibration hypothesis; specifically puberty opens a second sensitive period for calibration of stress-mediating systems to current life conditions at the approach of sexual maturity. For youth who experienced adverse early care, pubertal development allows a shifting of stress-system activity to that seen among youth without such histories if concurrent stressors are low and a hyper-sensitization of stress activity if current life conditions are stressful. Our target participants will be youth adopted internationally from orphanages (post-institutionalied, PI) youth, compared to youth reared in their families of origin (non-adopted,NA). We will follow 368 youth examining them annually over 3 time points (0, 1 and 2 yrs). The use of an accelerated longitudinal design (4 grps: 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14 yrs) and growth curve modeling allows examination of a broad range of the pubertal period (7 through 16 yrs). Annual measures will be made of the HPA axis (salivary cortisol), the SAM system (pre-ejection period) for PI and NA youth in relation to current life stress (Youth Life Stress Interview completed annually) and pubertal stage (annual nurse-conducted Tanner Staging). Measures of stress-mediating systems activity will be obtained using the Trier Social Stress Test for Children and home assessment of the cortisol awakening response (CAR). Our prior research with PI youth showed a normalization of the CAR by Tanner stage 3-5, compared to same aged youth at stages 1-2. This proposal is a logical extension of that work that will also test the hypothesis that shifts in stress-system activity mediates the increase in emotional problem symptoms in adolescence. The results of this study should help determine whether the peripubertal period is a critical time to intervene with children exposed to early life adversity.