Pubertal Stress Recalibration Hypothesis

描述(由申请人提供)：有严重不良早期生活史的青少年在从童年过渡到青春期时，情绪问题增加的风险是前者的两倍。这种风险可能反映了压力调节系统在生命早期的敏感期对恶劣条件的校准。然而，并不是所有有这样历史的年轻人都会受到影响。这项拟议的研究测试了新的青春期压力再校准假说；具体地说，青春期开启了第二个敏感期，在性成熟接近时，压力调节系统对当前的生活条件进行了校准。对于经历过不良早期护理的年轻人来说，青春期发育允许压力系统活动转移到没有这种历史的年轻人中，如果同时的应激源很少，如果当前的生活条件有压力，则压力活动高度敏感。我们的目标参与者将是从孤儿院(后机构收容)国际上收养的青年，而不是在其原籍家庭中抚养的青年(非收养，NA)。我们将在3个时间点(0岁、1岁和2岁)跟踪调查368名青少年。使用加速纵向设计(4个GRPs：7-8、9-10、11-12、13-14岁)和生长曲线建模，可以检查青春期的广泛范围(7-16岁)。将针对当前生活压力(每年完成青年生活压力访谈)和青春期阶段(每年由护士指导的Tanner分期)对PI和NA青少年的HPA轴(唾液皮质醇)、SAM系统(排出前阶段)进行年度测量。压力调节系统活动的测量将使用特里尔儿童社会压力测试和皮质醇唤醒反应(CAR)的家庭评估来获得。我们先前对少年少年的研究显示，与同年龄段的青年青年在阶段1-2相比，Tanner阶段3-5的CAR正常化。这项提议是这项工作的合乎逻辑的延伸，也将检验压力系统活动的变化中介青春期情绪问题症状增加的假设。这项研究的结果应该有助于确定青春期周围是否是干预儿童的关键时期 暴露在早年的逆境中。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Youth with severely adverse early life histories are at double the risk of increased emotional problems as they transition from childhood into adolescence. This risk may reflect the calibration of stress-mediating systems to harsh conditions during sensitive periods early in life. Yet, not all youth with such histories are affected. The proposed study tests the novel pubertal stress recalibration hypothesis; specifically puberty opens a second sensitive period for calibration of stress-mediating systems to current life conditions at the approach of sexual maturity. For youth who experienced adverse early care, pubertal development allows a shifting of stress-system activity to that seen among youth without such histories if concurrent stressors are low and a hyper-sensitization of stress activity if current life conditions are stressful. Our target participants will be youth adopted internationally from orphanages (post-institutionalied, PI) youth, compared to youth reared in their families of origin (non-adopted,NA). We will follow 368 youth examining them annually over 3 time points (0, 1 and 2 yrs). The use of an accelerated longitudinal design (4 grps: 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14 yrs) and growth curve modeling allows examination of a broad range of the pubertal period (7 through 16 yrs). Annual measures will be made of the HPA axis (salivary cortisol), the SAM system (pre-ejection period) for PI and NA youth in relation to current life stress (Youth Life Stress Interview completed annually) and pubertal stage (annual nurse-conducted Tanner Staging). Measures of stress-mediating systems activity will be obtained using the Trier Social Stress Test for Children and home assessment of the cortisol awakening response (CAR). Our prior research with PI youth showed a normalization of the CAR by Tanner stage 3-5, compared to same aged youth at stages 1-2. This proposal is a logical extension of that work that will also test the hypothesis that shifts in stress-system activity mediates the increase in emotional problem symptoms in adolescence. The results of this study should help determine whether the peripubertal period is a critical time to intervene with children exposed to early life adversity.