Bilingual Language Control

双语语言控制

• 批准号: 8782383
• 负责人: Tamar Gollan
• 金额: $ 26.73万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-06-17 至 2017-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8782383
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Affect; Aging; Attention; Back; Classification; Cognitive; Cognitive aging; Cues; Data; Employee Strikes; Eye; Face; Failure; Goals; Individual Differences; Investigation; Joints; Language; Lead; Link; Literature; Managed Competition; Measures; Methods; Modeling; Monitor; Output; Pattern; Performance; Play; Process; Production; Property; Psycholinguistics; Reading; Research; Research Personnel; Retrieval; Role; Speech; System; Testing; Theoretical model; Time; Translations; Work; age difference; age effect; age related; bilingualism; cognitive control; cognitive process; cognitive testing; cost; executive function; improved; language comprehension; language processing; lexical; lexical retrieval; normal aging; operation; phonology; public health relevance; speech processing

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): When speaking in just one language, bilinguals do not seem different from monolinguals. At other times bilinguals seem to be language acrobats, switching back and forth between languages, without apparent effort. Only on rare occasions do bilinguals produce a word in an unintended language - or cross-language intrusion errors (<1% Gollan et al., 2011; Poulisse, 1997), and perhaps for this reason intrusions have remained largely unexplored even though they hold potential to reveal the cognitive mechanisms fundamental to bilingual language control. The rarity of intrusion errors challenges an assumption that has become ubiquitous in bilingual research -that bilinguals face constant competition due to dual-language activation. We hypothesize that bilingual language control, including both the acrobatics associated with intentional language mixing, and the rarity of intrusion errors, reflects the joint operation of multiple control mechanisms including both language-specific and domain-general control mechanisms. The proposed studies will elicit intended and unintended language switches to investigate language-specific control mechanisms (Aim 1) including grammatical constraints, lexical accessibility, inhibitory links between translation equivalents, and error monitoring processes that rely on the language comprehension system. We hypothesize that bilinguals also rely on domain-general control mechanisms to achieve language selection, and investigate the possible roles of inhibition and attention for controlling single-language and mixed-language speech, the processing loci at which bilinguals use inhibition to maintain language selection, and contextual cues and strategies that improve language control by reducing switch costs and intrusion errors (Aim 2). Converging evidence for the classification of control mechanisms as language-specific versus domain-general will come from investigation of aging effects, and correlations with individual differences in measures of executive control (Aim 3). As we investigate factors that lead to more versus less effective ability to control language selection we develop new methods for studying speech errors using reading aloud with eye-tracking. The proposed work will establish test conditions that maximize bilingual proficiency, and will provide preliminary norms for young and aging bilinguals on a number of oft-used standardized tests. Broader questions addressed include the cognitive mechanisms underlying switching, deficits in cognitive aging, and how domain-general mechanisms function in concert with the language system to allow all speakers to resolve competition and produce error free speech.

描述（由申请人提供）：当只用一种语言说话时，双语者似乎与单语者没有什么不同。在其他时候，双语者似乎是语言杂技演员，在语言之间来回切换，没有明显的努力。只有在极少数情况下，双语者才会产生意想不到的语言或跨语言入侵错误（<1% Gollan等人，二〇一一年; Poulisse，1997），也许是因为这个原因，入侵仍然在很大程度上未被探索，即使他们有潜力揭示认知机制的基础双语语言控制。入侵错误的罕见性挑战了双语研究中普遍存在的假设-双语者由于双语激活而面临持续的竞争。我们假设，双语语言控制，包括与故意语言混合相关的杂技，和入侵错误的罕见性，反映了多种控制机制，包括语言特定的和域一般的控制机制的联合操作。拟议的研究将引起有意和无意的语言切换，以调查语言特定的控制机制（目标1），包括语法约束，词汇可及性，翻译等价物之间的抑制联系，以及依赖于语言理解系统的错误监控过程。我们假设双语者也依赖于域一般控制机制来实现语言选择，并调查抑制和注意力控制单语言和混合语言语音的可能作用，双语者使用抑制来维持语言选择的加工位点，以及通过减少转换成本和入侵错误来提高语言控制的上下文线索和策略（目标2）。将控制机制分类为语言特异性与领域一般性的证据将来自对年龄效应的调查，以及与执行控制措施中个体差异的相关性（目标3）。当我们调查导致更多或更少有效控制语言选择能力的因素时，我们开发了新的方法来研究言语错误，使用眼动追踪的阅读。拟议的工作将建立最大限度地提高双语能力的测试条件，并将为年轻和老年双语者提供一些常用的标准化测试的初步规范。更广泛的问题包括转换的认知机制，认知老化的缺陷，以及域一般机制如何与语言系统一起发挥作用，使所有说话者能够解决竞争并产生无错误的语音。