Temporal Discounting of Punishment of Drug Choice

药物选择惩罚的时间贴现

• 批准号: 7695966
• 负责人: William L. Woolverton
• 金额: $ 14.8万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MED CTR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-06-01 至 2011-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7695966
• 关键词: Animal Model; Attention; Behavior; Catheters; Cocaine; Data; Dose; Drug Controls; Drug abuse; Drug usage; Effectiveness; Goals; Health; Histamine; Human; Implant; Imprisonment; Infusion procedures; Injection of therapeutic agent; Methods; Modeling; Monkeys; Nature; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Play; Psychological reinforcement; Punishment; Rattus; Relative (related person); Reporting; Research; Role; Self Administration; Shock; Smoker; Smoking; Solutions; Techniques; Testing; Use Effectiveness; base; design; discount; discounting; drug of abuse; hangover; high risk; innovation; mathematical model; programs; public health relevance; reinforcer

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Imposing a delay between a behavior and its reinforcer weakens the effectiveness of that reinforcer and decreases its subjective value, a phenomenon referred to as temporal discounting. There is a well-established mathematical model, the hyperbolic discounting function, that describes temporal discounting. Recent research with temporal discounting has made substantial theoretical contributions to our understanding of drug abuse. Imposing a delay between a behavior and a punisher can also diminish the effectiveness of the punisher. The discounting of delayed punishers is particularly relevant to the choice to take a drug of abuse. We often expect negative consequences of drug taking to function as punishers to suppress drug taking. However, these consequences (if they occur at all) are delayed relative to the drug effect, and this delay likely diminishes their effectiveness. Empirical data concerning the actual functional relationship between a delayed punisher and the choice to take a drug of abuse is very limited. Recent research with non-humans has contributed to our understanding of the effects of delayed reinforcement on drug choice. However, no information is available on the effects of delayed punishment on drug taking by non-humans. The overall goal of the present proposal is to examine how imposing a delay between cocaine injections and subsequent punishment alters the ability of that punishment to decrease the likelihood of cocaine self-administration. The proposal has two Specific Aims, each approaching the question from a slightly different perspective. For both Aims we will use a method we developed to study punishment of drug choice by histamine injection. Specific Aim 1 is to examine the relationship between delay of punishment and its effectiveness using a choice between a fixed dose of cocaine followed by different injections of histamine. Our hypotheses are that the effectiveness of punishment of drug choice will be diminished with delay to a histamine injection and that the decrease in effectiveness will be well described by a hyperbolic discounting function. Specific Aim 2 is to examine the relationship between delay of punishment and its effectiveness using a choice between a fixed dose of histamine that follows various doses of cocaine. Our hypotheses are as in Specific Aim 1: the effectiveness of punishment of drug choice will be diminished with delay to a histamine injection and this decrease in effectiveness will be well described by a hyperbolic discounting function. The research in the present proposal will adapt the innovative technique of using an aversive drug infusion to punish self-administration in order to test the hypothesis that the effectiveness of punishment diminishes as a decreasing hyperbolic function of delay to its presentation. An animal model will be particularly useful to push the parametric envelope and begin to establish a conceptual framework within which to understand the control of drug taking by punishment. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: We expect negative consequences of drug taking, for example hangover or incarceration, to decrease drug taking. However, negative consequences of drug taking are often delayed in a manner that decreases their effectiveness and may, thereby, contribute to escalating drug abuse. The present project is designed to establish the relationship between the delay to a negative consequence of drug taking and its effectiveness in decreasing the choice to take a drug.

描述（由申请人提供）：在行为与其强化物之间施加延迟会削弱该强化物的有效性并降低其主观价值，这种现象被称为时间折扣。有一个完善的数学模型，即双曲折现函数，用来描述时间折现。最近关于时间贴现的研究为我们理解药物滥用做出了实质性的理论贡献。在行为和惩罚之间施加延迟也会降低惩罚的有效性。延迟惩罚的折扣与选择服用滥用药物特别相关。我们通常认为吸毒的负面后果会起到抑制吸毒的惩罚作用。然而，这些后果（如果发生的话）相对于药物效果是延迟的，这种延迟可能会降低药物的有效性。关于延迟惩罚者与选择滥用药物之间的实际功能关系的经验数据非常有限。最近对非人类的研究有助于我们理解延迟强化对药物选择的影响。然而，没有关于延迟惩罚对非人类吸毒的影响的资料。本提案的总目标是审查在可卡因注射和随后的惩罚之间施加延迟如何改变惩罚的能力，以减少可卡因自我施用的可能性。该提案有两个具体目标，每个目标都从略微不同的角度来处理这个问题。为了这两个目的，我们将使用我们开发的一种方法来研究组胺注射对药物选择的惩罚。具体目标1是通过选择固定剂量的可卡因，然后注射不同的组胺，来检查延迟惩罚与其有效性之间的关系。我们的假设是，药物选择惩罚的有效性将随着延迟注射组胺而降低，并且有效性的降低将由双曲贴现函数很好地描述。具体目标2是通过在使用不同剂量的可卡因后使用固定剂量的组胺来检查延迟惩罚与其有效性之间的关系。我们的假设与具体目标1一样：药物选择惩罚的有效性将随着延迟注射组胺而降低，这种有效性的降低将由双曲贴现函数很好地描述。本研究将采用使用厌恶药物输注来惩罚自我给药的创新技术，以检验惩罚的有效性随着延迟的递减双曲函数而递减的假设。动物模型将特别有助于推动参数范围，并开始建立一个概念框架，在这个框架内，通过惩罚来理解药物服用的控制。公共卫生相关性：我们预计吸毒的负面后果，例如宿醉或监禁，会减少吸毒。然而，吸毒的负面后果往往被推迟，从而降低了其效力，从而可能导致药物滥用升级。本项目旨在建立药物服用的负面后果延迟与其减少选择服用药物的有效性之间的关系。