Rescuing the ruminating brain: Identifying biomarkers of rumination and mindfulness through concurrent EEG and fMRI studies of schizophrenia and depression

“游手好闲的头脑是魔鬼的游乐场吗？”这取决于流浪的头脑去了哪里。如果它很忙 反思最近的活动，将最近的材料整合到长期记忆中，并展望未来， 然后，这些思维模式可能具有很强的适应性，让我们能够从过去吸取教训，并为未来做好规划。 但是，当思想转向黑暗面，沉思占上风时，这些思维模式就不适应了。 沉思包括专注于原因和结果而不是解决方案的递归负面思维。它 跨越诊断界限：它既是严重抑郁障碍(MDD)的原因，也是其后果 与精神分裂症(SZ)的幻觉和妄想有关。它影响认知和情感反应，但 它可以用基于正念的疗法来治疗。 正念-冥想是一种行为疗法，专注于培养现在专注的注意力， 是一种以沉思为目标的减压干预，并改善了许多医学和精神病学 条件：特质正念与较少的幻听痛苦和较少的残留有关 抑郁症状。它是一种专注于当下体验的实践，允许情感和 思想来来去去，不加评判，从而避免陷入沉思的螺旋下降。与.相比 简单的走神，短暂的正念感应会招募到一个包括顶叶和 。 走神时的前额叶结构只招募默认模式网络(DMN) 根据上一个资助期的数据，我们知道DMN的激活影响到两种基本感觉 和SZ中的语义处理。我们建议通过专门关注沉思和添加 抑郁症患者。我们问沉思如何影响基本的感觉、认知和情绪反应，以及 如果正念可以挽救这些功能，无论是诊断还是健康谱系。我们将获得 退伍军人抑郁症、精神分裂症和精神健康患者的脑电和fMRI同步数据 评估退伍军人的早期感觉反应、背景更新和对情绪图像的反应。 了解沉思如何影响与环境的接触是评估的第一步 其影响深远的认知和情感成本，跨越了传统诊断的界限。 了解正念如何恢复信息处理将增加我们对如何恢复信息处理的理解，以及 对谁来说，它是有效的。我们预测，沉思诱导将阻止大脑完全处理光谱 外在事件的影响，而正念感应将恢复这些能力。我们预测性状反复无常和 正念将调节所有群体的影响，在患有抑郁症或抑郁症的人中会有夸大的影响 精神分裂症。结果变量将是基于脑电的事件相关电位(ERPs)和功能磁共振成像，以及它们的 整合。分析中将考虑症状严重程度、特质反省和特质专注。 目的1：反省诱导对fMRI连接性的简单影响。我们将比较以下几种方法的效果 冥想和正念诱导对DMN与冥想敏感脑联系的影响 地区。与正念诱导相比，我们预测冥想将增加这种联系， 对抑郁症和精神分裂症患者的影响比健康对照组更大。 目的2：正念诱导对事件相关电位和功能磁共振的影响及其整合。我们预测 30秒正念诱导的效果将持续到随后的视觉古怪任务中，从而 增强感觉、注意力和情绪的ERP组件和fMRI在感觉、认知和 情感网络，与沉思诱导相比。我们将探索fMRI和 像我们以前所做的那样，采用ERP数据融合方法。 目标3：特质沉思和正念的影响。我们将评估神经数据和 所有组的特质沉思、正念和症状严重程度。

Is “the idle mind the devil’s playground?” It depends on where the wandering mind goes. If it is busy reflecting on recent activity, consolidating recent material into long term memories, and envisioning the future, then these thought patterns may be highly adaptive, allowing us to learn from the past and plan for the future. But when the mind turns to the dark side and rumination takes over, these thought patterns are maladaptive. Rumination involves recursive negative thinking focused on causes and consequences rather than solutions. It cuts across diagnostic boundaries: it is both a cause and consequence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and is related to hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia (SZ). It affects cognitive and emotional responses, yet it can be treated with mindfulness-based therapies. Mindfulness-meditation is a type of behavioral therapy that focuses on cultivating present focused attention, is a stress-reduction intervention that targets rumination, and improves many medical and psychiatric conditions: Trait mindfulness is associated with less distress from auditory hallucinations and fewer residual depressive symptoms. It is the practice of attending to present moment experiences and allowing emotions and thoughts to come and go without judgment, thereby avoiding a downward spiral into rumination. Compared to simple mind wandering, a brief mindfulness induction recruits an attention network including parietal and . prefrontal structures while mind wandering only recruits the default mode network (DMN) Based on data from the last funding period, we know that activation of the DMN affects both basic sensory and semantic processing in SZ. We propose to extend this by focusing specifically on rumination and adding patients with depression. We ask how rumination affects basic sensory, cognitive and emotional responses, and if mindfulness can rescue these functions, across diagnoses and the wellness spectrum. We will acquire simultaneous EEG and fMRI data from veterans with depression and schizophrenia and mentally healthy veterans to assess early sensory responses, context updating, and responses to emotional images. Understanding how rumination affects engagement with the environment is the first step towards assessing its far-reaching cognitive and emotional costs, which cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries. Understanding how mindfulness restores information processing will increase our understanding of how, and for whom, it works. We predict rumination inductions will prevent the brain from fully processing a spectrum of external events, and mindfulness inductions will restore these abilities. We predict trait rumination and mindfulness will modulate the effects in all groups, with exaggerated effects in those with depression or schizophrenia. The outcome variables will be EEG-based event related potentials (ERPs) and fMRI, and their integration. Symptom severity, trait rumination, and trait mindfulness will be considered in the analyses. Aim 1: Simple effects of rumination inductions on fMRI connectivity. We will compare the effects of rumination and mindfulness inductions on the connectivity between DMN and rumination-sensitive brain regions. Compared to mindfulness inductions, we predict rumination will increase this connectivity, with greater effects in depressed and schizophrenia patients than in healthy controls. Aim 2: Carry-over effects of mindfulness inductions on ERPs and fMRI and their integration. We predict the effects of 30-second mindfulness inductions will persist into the subsequent visual oddball task, thereby augmenting sensory, attention, and emotional ERP components and fMRI activation in sensory, cognitive and emotional networks, compared to rumination inductions. We will explore the covariance between fMRI and ERP data fusion methods as we have done previously. Aim 3: Effects of trait rumination and mindfulness. We will assess the relationship between neural data and trait rumination, mindfulness, and symptom severity in all groups.