Interpersonal Perception: Expectancies, Actions, and Attributions in the Interaction Sequence

这项研究旨在扩大我们现在所知道的人们在与他人互动时所看到的、所想的和所体验的东西。我们知道，当人们回应或关心回应他人时，他们对事物的看法与他们是被动观察者时不同。例如，人们很难意识到别人的反应在多大程度上受到自己行为的影响。在很大程度上，我们通过影响他人来创造自己的社会现实，不幸的是，我们随后解释了他人的反应，而没有意识到我们造成了这些反应的程度。这项研究集中在这个创造社会现实的过程中的几个方面。一方面是我们先前的期望在对待他人和感知他人时所起的具体作用。另一个方面是不同的社会目标对人们如何表现自己的影响。一个特别的兴趣在于，当一个人对另一个人的表现水平有一定程度的控制时，他对另一个人的能力的评估。通过这项研究，我们将对伴随和影响社会互动的思维过程有更丰富的理解。在实践中，这将使我们更接近于理解最初的错误印象如何在任何社交互动中持续，以及是什么决定了一开始就错误的互动能否在友谊和相互理解中得到解决。否则就会陷入进一步的冲突和恶语相向。

This research is designed to extend what we now know about what people see, think about, and experience while interacting with others. We know that people see things differently when they are responding or concerned about responding to others than when they are passive observers. For example, people are very poor at realizing how much the reactions of others are distincly influenced by their own actions. To an important extent we create our own social reality by affecting others and, unfortunately, we then interpret the reactions of others without realizing the extent to which we have caused them. This research focuses on several aspects of this process of creating social reality. One aspect is the specific role that our prior expectations play in acting toward and perceiving others. Another aspect is the effects of various social goals on how people present themselves. A special interest lies in one person's evaluation of another's abilities when the former has some degree of control over the latter's level of performance. With this research, we will have a richer understanding of the thinking processes that accompany and affect social interactions. In practical terms this will bring us closer to understanding how initial false impressions can be sustained in any social interaction, and what determines whether interactions that get off on the wrong foot can be resolved in friendships and mutual understanding .. or drift into further conflict and acrimony.