Group Boundaries in New York and Chicago, 1900-1920

这是一项关于1900年至1920年期间美国两个最大城市纽约和芝加哥的少数民族和种族群体的居住和劳动力地位的研究。这是欧洲移民进入这两个城市的高潮，也包括南方黑人向北方大规模移民的第一波浪潮。关于这一历史时期的讨论，就像当前的讨论一样，试图评估这些群体在多大程度上经历了融入主流的过程，或者创造了或面临着持久的群体界限。主要问题涉及黑人和/或主要移民群体——德国人、爱尔兰人、意大利人、俄罗斯人和波兰人——被隔离到特定社区和职业利基的程度，以及他们在生命周期和跨代流动的程度。为了检查居住模式，将使用1920年这两个城市人口普查区的种族和民族组成的先前未开发的数据。新公布的个人普查数据档案（1920年IPUMS档案），其中包括人们的地址和普查点位区，将与这些区域数据联系起来，从而可以估计个人层面的居住成就模型。为了审查劳动力模式，IPUMS档案将根据职业聚集和隔离、职业地位水平和以集中的集团所有权和某些部门的就业为基础的民族经济的存在来分析。该研究的一个独特之处在于，从每个城市1920名居民中随机抽取4000人，追踪1900年的人口普查记录。这将使同化和群体界限的评估能够基于对包括男性和女性在内的具有代表性的人口样本的长期职业和居住流动的分析。这项研究不仅有助于提高对美国城市历史的理解，而且还将检验关于当代城市隔离起源的具体假设，以及关于群体可能被分离并经历不同流动历史的社会过程的一般理论。

This is a study of the residential and labor force positions of ethnic and racial groups in this country's two largest cities, New York and Chicago, in the period 1900-1920. This was the high point of European immigration into both cities, and it also included the first wave of large-scale migration of Southern blacks to the North. Discussions of this historical period, like those of the current time, attempt to assess the degree to which these groups experienced a process of assimilation into the mainstream or, alternatively, created or were confronted by enduring group boundaries. The principal questions involve the degree to which blacks and/or the main immigrant groups - Germans, Irish, Italians, Russians, and Poles - were segregated into specific neighborhoods and occupational niches, and the extent of their mobility over the life cycle and across generations. To examine residential patterns, previously untapped data on the racial and ethnic composition of census tracts of both cities in 1920 will be used. Newly released census data files for individuals (the 1920 IPUMS files), which include people's address and census enumeration district, will be linked to these tract data, making possible the estimation of individual-level models of residential attainment. To examine labor force patterns, the IPUMS files will be analyzed in terms of occupational clustering and segregation, levels of occupational standing, and the existence of ethnic economies based on concentrated group ownership and employment in certain sectors. A unique feature of the study is the tracing of a random sample of 4000 of the 1920 residents of each city to 1900 census records. This will allow evaluation of assimilation and group boundaries to be based on analyses of occupational and residential mobility over time for a representative sample of the population including both men and women. This study not only contributes to an improved understanding of the history of American cities, but it also will test specific hypotheses about the origins of contemporary urban segregation and general theories about the social processes by which groups may come to be separated and experience different histories of mobility.