Population density, communication structures and areas of tradition of Funnel Beakter societies

在公元前4千纪，中欧北方发生了社会变革，导致了纪念性建筑的建立。通过对考古实物和建筑的高比例尺分析，对这些复杂的景观进行了研究。其目的是模拟人口过程，沟通结构的一致性，以及连续性和变化之间的传统领域。在对单体建筑特征进行处理的基础上，对巨石墓建筑进行了详细的分析。单一特征组合的多样性表现为区域差异和空间格局。纪念碑的传记包括它们的竖立，建筑的修改，功能的变化，以及更普遍的丧葬仪式的改变过程。法兰克福工作组的关键问题是，巨石建筑在多大程度上反映了新石器时代社会的文化和社会传统以及社会结构的性质。标准化的数据收集，特别是陶瓷和石头文物的数据收集，使物体在时间和空间上具有可比性。因此，可以发现适合于重建通信结构和传统领域的静态和动态的空间模式。基尔工作组正在使用文化差异作为沟通结构的指标，通过比较不同空间尺度（本地，区域和超区域）的巨石和非巨石坟墓，定居点和土方工程库存的类型差异来分析它们。在该项目的第一部分，可以收集一个关于巨石墓和平坟以及定居点的清单的广泛数据库。在该项目的第二部分，该数据库用于建立材料的精细年表，并分析百年时间片内的通信结构。本研究的主要内容是分析通信群体和网络，以及它们的中心性和异质性特征。科隆的工作组从泛欧洲的角度出发，重点关注集体埋葬的群体规模、最大群体规模（与围栏的规模和集水面积成比例）以及相应群体的社会分层。过去的观察表明，集体埋葬的人数与相应群体的社会分层之间存在反比关系。当为单个人建造纪念性坟墓时，特别是劳动密集型，而人们可能会认为，在集体埋葬的情况下，与相应的死者人数相比，工作量较低。考虑到欧洲早期的纪念性坟墓，通常会有一个强调单个死者的阶段。这一阶段之后往往是集体埋葬的阶段，在这一阶段，社区似乎很重要。在这个阶段，德国西南部和瑞士的新石器时代定居结构（那里也挖掘出集体墓葬）是典范。这个项目的主要目标是调查是否，通过比较，变量是可识别的刺激周期性和路径依赖在一个方向或另一个。

During the 4th millennium BC in northern Central Europe, social changes took place leading to the erection of monumental architecture. By the analysis of archaeological objects and architecture on a high scale level, these complex sceneries are investigated. The aim is to model demographic processes, the consistence of communication structures, and areas of tradition between continuity and change. The detailed analysis of the architecture of megalithic graves is based on the processing of single architectural features. The diversity in the combination of single features shows regional differences and spatial patterns. The biography of monuments contains their erection, modifications in construction, changes in their function, and more generally, the process of alterations of funeral and burial rites. The crucial question of the Frankfurt working group is how far the megalithic architecture indicates cultural and social traditions and the nature of social structures of neolithic societies. Standardized data collections, especially of ceramic and stone artifacts, allow the comparability of objects in time and space. Thereby spatial patterns suitable for the reconstruction of statics and dynamics of communication structures and areas of tradition can be discovered. The Kiel working group is using cultural differences as an indicator for communication structures, analyzing them by comparing typological differences in the inventories of megalithic and nonmegalithic graves, settlements, and earthworks on different spatial scales (local, regional, and supra-regional). In the first part of the project, a broad database of inventories from megalithic and flat graves, as well as from settlements, could be collected. In the second part of the project, this database is used to establish a fine chronology for the material and to analyze communication structures within hundred-year time slices. The main issues in this work are analyzing communication groups and networks, plus their characterization concerning centrality and heterogeneity. The working group in Cologne focuses, from a pan-European perspective, on the size of the group burying collectively, the maximum group size (in proportion to the size and catchment area of enclosures) and the social stratification of the corresponding group. Past observations point to an inverse proportional relationship between the number of people buried collectively and the social stratification of the corresponding group. Monumental tombs are especially labour intensive when erected for a single individual, whereas one might suppose that, in case of collective burials, the incoming workload is lower in proportion to the corresponding number of deceased. Considering the early monumental tombs in Europe, there is often a phase in which the single deceased is emphasized. This phase is often followed by a stage with collective burials, in which the community seems to have been important. For such a stage, the Neolithic settlement structures in South-West Germany and Switzerland (where collective burials have also been excavated) are exemplary. The main goal of this project is to investigate whether, by means of comparison, variables are recognizable which stimulate cyclicality and path dependency in one direction or another.