Spatial Analyses of Segregation Trends

SES-1355693 John Logan Brown University这个项目分析了欧洲移民和非裔美国移民在北部和中西部十个主要城市的居住模式的变化。对于非裔美国人的情况，它将提供关于伴随着来自南方的大移民而出现的日益严重的居住隔离趋势的新的详细信息。对于黑人来说，个人的社会经济流动性在多大程度上转化为生活在更一体化或更高地位的社区？白人对该市某些地区不断增长的黑人人口有何反应？对于欧洲移民的情况，这项研究将阐明先前研究中记录的空间同化过程。当新的群体开始大量到来时，较早到达的群体(德国人、爱尔兰人和英国人)是否仍然与土著白人隔离开来？意大利人、俄罗斯人和斯堪的纳维亚人花了多长时间才开始搬出种族密集的社区，离开或留在这些社区的人有什么特点？根据团队规模或构成，这些流程在不同城市之间有何不同？本研究选择的城市使得分析移民的空间同化和隔离成为可能，这些移民高度集中在这些城市。关于这两类少数群体，这项研究开辟了新的领域，在比选区(这是大多数关于种族隔离的研究的基础)更高的空间分辨率(枚举区和人口普查区)上研究种族隔离。一个关键的对比是黑人-白人隔离(据信在1920年之后，黑人在大移民中开始大量迁徙之前一直是温和的)和被视为暂时性的移民居住飞地。这个项目将提供对这些结论的关键检验，并提供一些对阶级隔离趋势的初步分析。此外，它还将根据社区的空间分析回答有关居住变化过程的问题。首先，哪些群体成员生活在同族社区，社会流动和文化适应如何转化为不同群体、不同类型的城市和不同年代的人生活在这些飞地之外)？为此目的，社区将被定义为基于社会构成的空间依赖性的列举区的组合。因此，随着居住模式的演变，社区的位置和规模预计会随着时间的推移而变化。其次，社区是如何变化的，特别是与入侵/继承过程有关的变化，这一过程在20世纪的大部分时间里都有记录？当黑人和移民开始到来时，土著(3代以上)白人抛弃社区的现象。在本世纪头几十年，是否存在种族和民族变化的临界点？如果是这样，白人原住民逃离的程度是否会因新移民的种族和民族而有所不同？更广泛的影响将使用每十年10个城市的100%居民样本来解决，汇总到小区域(枚举区)，并在地理信息系统中绘制地图。这些数据和地图将通过基于网络的地图浏览器供公众使用，也可通过直接下载共享。这项研究与当代主要的社会关切高度相关。随着拉美裔和亚裔成为美国增长最快的人口群体，黑人的犹太人化和种族隔离的模式以及移民空间同化的过程都得到了更新。必须了解这些进程的先例，才能对当前局势有现实的期望。

SES-1355693John LoganBrown UniversityThis project analyzes the changes in residential patterns of European immigrants and African American migrants in ten major Northern and Midwestern cities. For the case of African Americans it will provide new detailed information about the trend toward increasing residential segregation that accompanied the Great Migration from the South. To what extent did individual socioeconomic mobility translate into living in more integrated or higher status neighborhoods for blacks? What was the response of whites to growing black population in certain parts of the city? For the case of European immigrants, the study will shed light on the process of spatial assimilation that has been documented in prior research. Were the earlier arriving groups (Germans, Irish, and British) still segregated from native whites when new groups began to arrive in large numbers? How long did it take for Italians, Russians, and Scandinavians to begin moving out of dense ethnic neighborhoods, and what were the characteristics of people who left or stayed within them? How did these processes vary across cities, based on group size or composition? The selection of cities for this study makes it possible to analyze both the spatial assimilation and segregation of immigrants, who were highly concentrated in these cities,. With respect to both kinds of minorities the study breaks new ground by studying segregation at a much higher spatial resolution (the enumeration district and census tract) than the ward (which is the basis for most research on segregation). A key comparison is between black-white segregation (believed to be moderate until after 1920 when blacks began moving in large numbers in the Great Migration) and immigrant residential enclaves that are viewed as transitory in nature. This project will offer a critical test of these conclusions and provide some of the first analyses of trends in class segregation. In addition, it will answer questions about the processes of residential change based on spatial analyses of neighborhoods. First, which group members lived in co-ethnic neighborhoods and how did social mobility and acculturation translate into living outside of these enclaves for different groups, in different kinds of cities, and in different decades)? For this purpose neighborhoods will be defined as combinations of enumeration districts based on spatial dependence in social composition. Neighborhoods, then, are expected to vary in location and scale over time as settlement patterns evolve. Second, how do neighborhoods change, particularly in relation to the invasion/succession process that has been documented for much of the 20th Century ? the phenomenon of native (3+ generation) whites deserting neighborhoods when blacks and immigrants began arriving. Were there tipping points of racial and ethnic change in the early decades of the century, and if so did the extent of white native flight differ according to the race and ethnicity of new arrivals?Broader Impacts These questions will be addressed using 100% samples of residents of ten cities in each decade, aggregated to small areas (enumeration districts) and mapped within a GIS system. The data and maps will be made available for public use via a web-based map browser and also shared through direct download. This study is highly relevant to major contemporary social concerns. Black ghettoization anchored patterns of racial segregation, and processes of immigrant spatial assimilation have been renewed as Hispanics and Asians have become the fastest growing population groups in the nation. It is essential to understand the precedents for these processes in order to have realistic expectations about the current situation.