The coppersmiths of Nuremberg during the 15th-18th century. Archaeological and archaeometallurgical aspects of their skilled manual work

在中世纪晚期和近代早期，纽伦堡皇城是神圣罗马帝国最重要的贸易中心之一。仅次于窗帘的金属制品，即所谓的&gt；&gt；纽伯格瓷器，是皇城最常见、最重要的贸易商品。这些金属制品种类繁多，从盔甲、火炮和混战武器到枝形吊灯、顶针、针等，也有电线和金属板等半成品。黄铜制品的生产具有特殊的地位，因为它们伴随着技术创新(例如开发新的铜基合金)，使大规模生产成为可能。然而，尽管这些产品对纽伦堡中世纪晚期和早期现代金属制品的生产具有压倒性的意义，但这些产品的分布以及正式和技术的发展从未被系统地探索过。纽伦堡的有色金属制品受到了艺术历史学家和博物馆收藏家的特别关注。在历史研究方面，主要是对纽伦堡中世纪晚期和近代有色金属作坊的生产工艺和组织进行广泛的改造，而不是建立在档案研究的基础上。应通过记录在纽伦堡老城的车间场地内发现的车间区域和熔炉以及生产残留物和垃圾、毛坯和其他文物来实现这一点。结合书面文件和可视来源，弥合纽伦堡有色金属产品生产和分销方面仍然存在的知识差距。因此，有必要将考古、历史和自然科学的研究计划以跨学科的方式结合起来。除了研究车间(特别是熔炉)的内部，在历史技术陶瓷领域获得基本见解是罕见的。对于德语地区来说，几乎没有对这种材料的精确研究。有色金属文物的考古分析应当提供数据，可以根据考古资料直接证明上述创新。此外，这些数据还可用于建立一个数据库，用于进一步研究纽伦堡金属制品的出口情况。与市考古部门合作，收集的成果最终将在一个小型展览中向公众展示。

During the late middle ages and early modern times the Imperial City of Nuremberg was one of the most important trading centers in the Holy Roman Empire. Next to draperies the metal products, the so-called >>Nürnberger Ware<<, were the most common and most important trading good of the imperial city. These metal products had a wide range from suits of armour, fire arms and melee weapons to chandeliers, thimbles, needles and many more, also semi-finished products like wires and metal sheets. The production of brass goods had a special status, because they were accompanied by technological innovations (for example the development of new copper based alloys), which made a substantial mass production possible. Yet the distribution as well as the formal and technological development of these products never was systematically explored despite their overwhelming significance for the late medieval and early modern metal-good-production of Nuremberg. Non-ferrous metal products of Nuremberg were examined especially by art historians and collectors from museums. On the part of the historic research there are just a few studies, which do not base upon archive studies.It is the main purpose to achieve an extensive reconstruction of the production processes and the organization of the late medieval and early modern non-ferrous metal workshops of Nuremberg. This shall be reached by recording the workshop areas and the melting furnaces as well as the production residues and garbage, blanks and other artifacts, which were found within the workshop grounds in the old town of Nuremberg. In combination with the written documents and the visual sources, the still existing knowledge gap of the production and distribution of Nuremberg's non-ferrous metal goods shall be closed. Therefore it is necessary to combine archaeological, historical and natural scientific projections of research in an interdisciplinary manner.Next to researching the interior of the workshops (particularly furnaces) it is a rare possibility to gain basic insights in the field of historical technical ceramics. For the german-speaking region there are barely precise studies of this material. Archaeometallurgical analysis of the non-ferrous relics shall provide data, which may prove the mentioned innovations directly on basis of the archaeological material. Furthermore the data serve to implement a database, which can be used for further research on the export of Nuremberg metal-goods. In cooperation with the municipal department for archaeology the collected results shall be presented eventually in a small exhibition for the general public.