Deciphering the molecular bases of chromosome drive using the B chromosome of rye as a model

B染色体，也被称为额外染色体，是许多植物、动物和真菌基因组中不可缺少的元素。许多B染色体进化出一种或多种驱动机制，以比孟德尔遗传学预测的更高的频率传播自己，这些机制抵消了非必要遗传元素随着时间的推移而丢失的趋势。在解开B染色体驱动的细胞过程并确定第一个控制候选基因的黑麦B驱动之后，我的目标是通过(I)识别在不同驱动阳性黑麦B变种中高度保守的候选基因来缩小驱动候选基因的数量。(Ii)在携带标准黑麦B的小麦中，B驱动候选基因将通过它们的瞬时失活进行功能分析。(Iii)将对B驱动候选基因NCR28进行详细评估，NCR28是一种微管相关的Futsch样蛋白，将在拟南芥和本氏拟青霉中进行。(Iv)将应用体外测试来确定B编码和A编码的NCR28变体之间的微管结合差异，以检验B编码的NCR28(Co)的过表达调节B染色体的分离动力学(驱动)的假设。

B chromosomes, also known as supernumerary chromosomes, are dispensable elements in the genome of many plants, animals, and fungi. Many B chromosomes have evolved one or more drive mechanisms to transmit themselves at a higher frequency than predicted by Mendelian genetics and these mechanisms counteract the tendency of non-essential genetic elements to be lost over time. After unravelling the cellular process of B chromosome drive and identifying the first rye B drive controlling candidate genes, I aim to narrow down the number of drive candidate genes by (I) identifying candidate genes that are highly conserved across diverse drive-positive rye B variants. (II) B drive candidate genes will be functionally analyzed by their transient inactivation in wheat carrying standard rye Bs. (III) A detailed evaluation of the B drive candidate gene NCR28, a microtubule-associated Futsch-like protein, will be done in A. thaliana and N. benthamiana. (IV) An in vitro test will be applied to determine tubulin-binding differences between the B- and A-encoded NCR28 variants to test the hypothesis that overexpression of the B-encoded NCR28 (co)modulates the segregation dynamics (drive) of the B chromosome.