Studies on the Evolution of Epiphytes

1.在印度尼西亚、泰国、马来西亚、印度和巴布亚新几内亚进行了野外和标本室研究，以调查附生植物的演化。在日本、英国、爱尔兰和奥地利的会议和研讨会上阅读了关于这项研究结果的论文。附生植物有3种生活型，即专性附生植物、次生半附生植物和攀援植物。分子系统发育分析表明，水龙骨科和水龙骨科组成一个附生的单系支系，与半附生的Oleandra属为姊妹种。根据研究结果提出假说，认为在达里亚科及相关蕨类植物中，陆生生物进化为攀援植物，然后是次生半附生植物，最终进化为附生植物。对大蒜科及其近缘植物的鳞片进行了比较形态观察，表明附生生活型与茎鳞有密切的联系。据透露，高级物种具有精致的PEL…更多泰特，柄鳞具茎凹陷在根状茎表面上。多层盾牌和凹陷的鳞片使外部储水空间变得有用，这是对附生植物的一种适应。采用分子系统学方法对兰科石蒜属(Lipari‘s)兰科植物的种子形态和萌发进行了比较研究。附生植物种子较大，萌发率高于相关陆生植物。从系统发育、生物地理学和进化形态等方面对狼尾草科植物进行了系统发育、生物地理学和进化形态的研究。结果表明：(1)茎被扁平的背腹茎顶端分生组织转化为壳状；(2)茎顶端分生组织减少而叶形成保留，枝条消失；(3)在狼尾草科植物进化过程中，由于下胚轴失去初生枝和根尖，增加了不定根，体面主轴由垂直向水平方向转变。较少

1. Field and herbarium researches were undertaken in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, India, and Papua New Guinea in order to investigate the evolution of epiphytes. Papers on the results of this study were read in meetings and symposia in Japan, Great Britain, Ireland, and Austria.2. Three life forms, i.e. obligate epiphyte, secondary hemiepiphyte, and climber, were found within epiphyte sensu lato.3. Molecular phylogenetic analyses were made, resulting that Davalliaceae and Polypodiaceae form an epiphytic monophyletic clade, which is sister to the hemiepiphytic Oleandra. From the results hypothesis was proposed that in Davalliaceae and related ferns, the terrestrial life form evolved to climber, then secondary hemiepiphyte and ultimately to obligate epiphyte.3. Comparative morphological observations were made for scales of Davalliaceae and related, suggesting a close linkage between the epiphytic life form and the stalked scales. It was revealed that advanced species have elaborate pel … More tate, stalked scales with stalks sunken in concavities on the rhizome surface. Multilayered shields and sunken stalks of scales make space useful for external water storage, an adaptation to epiphytism.4. A molecular phylogenetic analysis and comparative studies of seed morphology and germination were carried out for Lipari's, Orchidaceae. An epiphyte has larger seeds, which show a higher germination rate than a related terrestrial species.5. Phylogenetic systematic, biogeographical, and evolutionary morphological researches were undertaken for Podostemaceae, an unusual aquatic, petrophytic angiosperm family, with the following results:(1) The shoot was transformed into crustose by a flattened and dorsiventral shoot apical meristem.(2) The shoot disappeared by reduction of the shoot apical meristem but retaining leaf formation.(3) The main axis in body plan changed from vertical to horizontal by a loss of primary shoot and root apices and a gain of adventitious root in the hypocotyl during the evolution of Podostemaceae. Less