Genetic assay and study of crop germplasm in and around China (3rd)

我们共组织了22个考察队前往中国和南下国家，研究了重要农作物的进化和多样性。具体内容如下：1.小麦和大麦；实地考察了印度北部(2003年)和云南、贵州省中国(2004,2005年)，观察了喜马拉雅山脉及其周围地区小麦和大麦地方品种的多样性。在所访问的大多数偏远地区，当地仍在种植地方品种。在中国的西南部，根据海拔的不同，种植了不同类型的大麦和小麦。在海拔3000米以上的地区，采集了春大麦和小麦，它们似乎与西藏栽培的大麦和小麦有亲缘关系。相反，在海拔3000米以下的地区，大麦和小麦是在秋季播种的，似乎与西藏种植的大麦和小麦不同。2.水稻；水稻小组曾访问印度、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨和越南，观察地方品种、杂草品系和野生稻a…更圆的中国。我们可以通过比较资源来了解它们之间的关系和遗传变异。在这些数据的基础上，我们联系了每个国家各自管理资源的机构，讨论了这些遗传资源的未来计划。3.大豆；为了确定野生大豆和栽培大豆之间的进化关系和基因流动的动态，我们对野生大豆和栽培大豆并存的群体的开花物候和遗传结构进行了研究。在被测试的野生种群中，既没有被认为是杂交产物的中间体，也没有来自该品种的等位基因。然而，野生植物之间的异交水平很低，但很显著。田间观察和SSR分子标记分析表明，野生大豆和栽培大豆之间可能存在基因流动。4.实地考察了缅甸(2003年)、印度东北部(2004、2005年)和中国所在的云南省(2005年)葫芦科作物的多样性。在走访的大多数偏远地区，当地仍种植着果皮光滑的地方甜瓜品种。在印度东北部，在雨季种植三种类型的甜瓜，即酸甜瓜、苦瓜和其他类型的甜瓜。根据果实形态和种子长度(&lt；9 mm)，最后一种类型被认为与传统的日本甜瓜vars.makuwa和congram有关。这种类型在缅甸和云南很常见。缅甸也采集到杂草甜瓜(var.agrestis)。较少

We organized a total of 22 expedition teams to China and the southward countries, and studied the evolution and diversity of important crops. The detail is summarized below.1.Wheat & Barley ; Field trip was conducted in the northern part of India (2003), and in Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces of China (2004,2005), to observe the diversity in wheat and barley landraces in and around Himalayan range. Local landraces are still cultivated in most of the remote areas visited. In the southwestern part of China, different type of barley and wheat was cultivated depending on the altitude. In the areas above 3000m of altitude, spring barley and wheat were collected, and they seemed to relate with those cultivated in Tibet. On the contrary, in the areas below 3000m of altitude, barley and wheat are sown in autumn, and seemed to be different from those cultivated in Tibet.2.Rice ; Rice group has visited India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam to observe landraces, weedy strains, and wild rices a … More round China. We could compare resources to know their relationships and genetic variation. Based on the data, we have contacted with respective institutes governed each resources in each country to discuss about the future plans for those genetic resources.3.Soybean ; In order to determine an evolutionary relationship and dynamics of gene flow between wild and cultivated soybeans, flowering phenology and genetic structure were examined for populations in which both wild and cultivated soybeans were growing side by side. Neither the intermediate form, thought as a product of hybridization, nor the allele from the cultivar was observed in the wild population tested. However, a low but significant level of outcrossing was observed between wild plants. The field observation and molecular analysis with SSR markers suggest that the gene flow possibly occurs between wild and cultivated soybeans.4.Field trip was conducted in Myanmar (2003), the northeastern part of India (2004,2005), and in Yunnan Province of China (2005), to observe the diversity in Cucurbitaceae crop. Local landraces of melon with smooth skin are still cultivated in most of the remote areas visited. In the northeast India, three types of melon, that is, var.acidulous, var.momordica, and other type, are cultivated during rainy season. The last type was considered to relate with vars.makuwa and conomon, the traditional Japanese melon, based on the fruit morphology and seed length (< 9mm). This type was commonly found in Myanmar and Yunnan. Weedy melon (var.agrestis) was also collected in Myanmar. Less