高齢ドライバーのための「メタ認知教育」支援システムの確立

根据Keskinen提出的驾驶员行为层次模型，倾向于驾驶技术的培训容易导致驾驶员的不安全行为。这是因为技术训练有时会导致司机过于自信。我们正在开发一种新的培训方法，老年驾驶员的危险知觉，利用计算机辅助教学系统。驾驶员被要求在电脑显示屏上的各种交通场景中发现危险。在此诊断测试之前，培训师要求驾驶员填写调查问卷，即，驾驶员必须评估他们对几种交通状况的危险感知能力，例如，交叉路口、拥挤道路等，在进行危险知觉能力的小组讨论后，对被试发放了相同的问卷。再次要求他们评估自己的危险知觉能力，思考测试结果和讨论。虽然大多数司机在开始时对自己的评价比其他人好，但在看了测试结果并进行了讨论后，他们对自己的评价变化比其他人少。从安全的角度来看，这是一个重要的问题。司机通常有一种“乐观偏见”的倾向;他们认为自己比别人好。这种意识会导致驾驶员做出不安全的行为。Mikkonen提出的“镜像法”是训练Meta认知能力的有效方法。在这种培训中，学员不会被迫做这做那。学员只能看着自己的行为事实，自己考虑自己的安全。我们为老司机调整了这个镜像方法。我们可以期待，我们的新方法可以是相当有用的，并成为一个主要的培训方法，在不久的将来，安全培训。

According to the hierarchy model on drivers behavior developed by Keskinen, the training which inclines toward driving skill tends to lead drivers to unsafe behavior. It is because skill training sometimes produces drivers' over confidence. We have been developing a new training method for older drivers safety on hazard perception by using CAI system. Drivers are asked to find hazards in various traffic scenes shown on computer display. Before this diagnostic testing the trainer ask drivers to fill the questionnaire, I.e., drivers have to evaluate their hazard perceptual ability on several traffic situation, e.g., intersections, crowded roads and so on. The same kind of questionnaire is given to them after small group discussion on hazard perceptual ability. They are again asked to evaluate their hazard perceptual ability thinking the test results and the discussion. Although most drivers evaluate themselves better than others in the beginning, they changed their evaluation less than others after looking at the test results and having a discussion. This is an important point from the view point of safety. Drivers usually have a tendency of "optimism bias" ; they think of themselves better than others. This consciousness leads drivers to unsafe behavior. "Mirroring Method" which was developed by Mikkonen is useful for training meta cognitive ability. In this training trainees are not forced to do this or that. Trainees only can look at their own behavioral facts and think of their safety by themselves. We adapted this Mirroring Method for older drivers. We can expect that our new method can be quite useful and become one of the main training methods in the near future for safety training.