Ethnicity and Cultural Movements in Africa

自20世纪80年代以来，在非洲各地，人们对自己的文化和历史的认识推动了蓬勃发展的运动，以重组他们的传统和创造个人文化。本研究项目旨在考察这些文化运动，并阐明通过运动形成族群的机制。研究考虑了各种运动形式和不同的族群，其中包括南非恩德伯雷人的新艺术形式的创造，赞比亚的独立教会运动，坦桑尼亚的尼亚库萨人的劳动力迁移，喀麦隆伊雅加姆人建立新的成长社会，以及非洲国内外的博物馆展览。通过对这些运动的比较研究，指出有几个因素是影响族裔形成的关键因素：节日和体育的发展、手工艺的处理、人口的迁移和宗教信仰的传播。此外，还阐明了外部影响的重要性。散居社区的族群认同和西方的人权活动对非洲内部族群认同的形成具有特别的影响。文化运动和族群认同是通过内部人和外部人之间的互动，更准确地说，是原始定居者和新来的人、农村人口和城市精英、当地社区成员和散居社区成员以及非洲和西方之间的互动来构建的。非洲文化过去是，现在仍然是全球接触的结果。我们成功地澄清了非洲大陆内部的相互作用。然而，我们只能部分地涵盖全球互动。在这项研究之后，应该对全球种族网络进行研究。

Since 1980s, everywhere in Africa, the people's awareness of their own cultures and histories has promoted vigorous movements to reorganize their traditions and create individual cultures. This research project is to scrutinize those cultural movements, and to clarify mechanism of formation of ethnicity through the movements.Various forms of movement and divers ethnic groups were taken into consideration, among which are creation of new art forms among the Ndebere of South Africa, independent church movements in Zambia, labor migration among ther Nyakyusa of Tanzania, establishment of a new initiation society among the Ejagam of Cameroon, and museum exhibitions inside and outside Africa. Through a comparative study of those movements, several factors have been pointed out as crucial elements which affect the formation of ethnicity : development of festivals and sports, handling of arts and crafts, migration of population, and spread of religious beliefs. Also clarified is the importance of outside influence. Ethnic identity in diaspora communities and Human Rights activities in the West are especially influential in the formation of ethnicity inside Africa.Cultural movement and ethnic identity are constructed by means of interaction between insiders and outsiders, more precisely, between original settlers and new comers, rural population and urban elites, members of the local community and those of the diaspora community, and Africa and the West. African cultures have been, and still are, the result of global contact. We successfully clarified the interactions within African continent. However, we could only partially cover the global interactions. Research on global network of ethnicity should be carried out following this study.