Psychophysiological study of the memory and consciousness

本研究旨在回顾“无意识感知”和“无意识记忆”的生理机制。1.纹状体皮层受损的患者即使不能有意识地识别刺激，也显示出一定的感知能力。这种能力被认为是由包括上级丘的第二视觉系统支持的。2.阈下知觉是指阈下刺激（不能被有意识地识别）对生物体产生一定影响的现象。阈下刺激（因为它很弱）不能充分激活网状激活系统，使刺激被识别。诱发电位的主要成分是阈下刺激的呈现，而次要成分只有在刺激变得足够强时才能被识别。3.大脑分裂的患者被证明有两种意识（右意识和左意识）。由于右脑没有语言能力，它的活动不能被有意识地识别。左脑无事可做，只是推测右脑触发的行动的原因。4.关于“多重人格”和“催眠”的研究已经做了大量的研究。然而，这些现象的生理机制尚不清楚。5.海马损伤的健忘症患者无法永久记住新学到的事件。然而，他们可以建立运动和感觉学习以及经典条件反射，而不需要有意识的记忆。因此，可以得出结论，大脑中至少有两个记忆系统。6.据报道，启动刺激可以产生启动效应，即使它是不被正常人有意识地识别。在正常人中，“无意识记忆”会对他们的行为产生影响。

This study is concerned with reviewing the physiological mechanisms of "perception without consciousness" and "memory without consciousness".1. Patients with lesion in the striate cortex show some perceptual ability even when they cannot consciously recognize the stimulus. This ability is considered to be supported by second visual system including the superior colloculus. 2. Subliminal perception is the phenomenon where subliminal stimulus (which cannot consciously be recognized) can have certain effects on the organisms. Subliminal stimulus (because it is weak) cannot activate reticular activating system enough to make the stimulus be recognized. Primary component of the evoked potential can be obtained to the presentation of the subliminal stimulus while secondary component can be obtained only when the stimulus becomes strong enough to be recognized. 3. Patients with split brains are shown to have two kinds of consciousness (right and left). Since right brain has no language ability, its activity cannot consciously be recognized. Left brain has nothing to do but speculate concerning the cause of the action triggered by the right brain. 4. Enormous amount of researches have been done to investigate 'multiple personalities' and 'hypnosis'. However, physiological mechanisms of these phenomena are not known. 5. Amnesic patients with hipocampal injury cannot memorize newly learned events permanently. However, they can establish motor and sensory learning and classical conditioning without the conscious memory that they have experienced such learning. Thus, it is concluded that there are at least two memory systems in the brain. 6. It is reported that prime stimulus can have a priming effect even if it is not consciously recognized by the normal subjects. T rmal subjects, "memory without consciousness" can gave an influence on their behavior.