An Extensive Study on Knowledge-Based Systems in Education

项目小组在赠款期间的两年内举行了9次闭门会议。1990年7月在东京举行的“计算机教育高级研究”国际会议反映了该项目的讨论情况，并以该小组作为该计划和地方委员会的主要成员的讨论为基础。现已发表的该项目的报告，根据该项目在1992年之前和之后的小组研究活动和争论，提出并阐述了未来在开发教育中的智能计算机系统时应重点关注的以下问题。(1)提供面向媒体的工作台隐喻，使学生可以在其上投影他/她的心理模型过程，以发现问题解决策略和知识结构，(2)利用知识库组件很好地区分概念框架层次、领域知识和用于知识处理的知识，(3)面向策略的知识检索指导及其在问题情境中的应用，(4)使学生能够并行地试验多种解决方法的会话管理，(5)依赖于知识类型的学生建模技术和基于学生模型的教学调度，(6)用于指导发现知识结构和问题解决策略的策略，(7)用于理解和在集成框架中生成语篇的自然语言处理，从而使系统能够灵活地响应学生含糊和错误困扰的信息。(8)一种软件体系结构，其核心部分与领域无关，周围环绕着进化中的依赖于领域的模块。在报告中，为了方便调查人员，还包括了一份参考清单和一组日本研究人员在该领域的里程碑论文副本。

The project group held 9 closed conferences during the 2 years of the grant period. Reflecting the discussions in the project and with the group as the key members of the program and local committees, the international conference on "Advanced Research on Computers in Education" took place in July 1990 in Tokyo ending in a great success.The now published report of the project, based on the group research activities and arguments during and after the grant period until 1992, proposes and elaborates the following issues to be focussed on in developing intelligent computer systems in education to come.(1) Providing media-oriented work bench metaphor on which the student can project his/er mental model processes in discovering problem-solving strategies and knowledge structures,(2) Scaffolding the processes with knowledge base constituents well discriminating between conceptual frame hierarchy, domain knowledge and knowledge for knowledge processing,(3) Strategy-oriented guidance of knowledge retrieval and it's application to problem contexts,(4) Session management enabling the student to experiment plurality of ways of solution in parallel,(5) Student modeling techniques depending upon knowledge types and instructional scheduling based on the student models,(6) Strategies for guiding discovery of knowledge structures and problem-solving strategies,(7) Natural language processing for understanding and generating discourses in an integrated framework, thus enabling the system flexibilly to respond to ambiguous and error-afflicted messages by students.(8) A software architecture with a domain-independent core part surrounded by domaindependent modules evolutionally to be added on.In the report, for the convenience of surveyors, there are also included a reference list and a collection of copies of milestone papers by Japanese researchers in the field.