A study on the Influences of the Great Depression upon the socio-econonmic structures of the villages in Java

本研究主要分析了经济大萧条对糖园周边村庄农民社会分层的影响。由于当时世界糖价较低，爪哇的甘蔗种植园大大缩小了种植面积。对于甘蔗种植园周围的农民来说，这意味着他们主要的现金收入来源消失了，因为他们中的很多人失去了在甘蔗地里的工作，而且他们也拿不到足够的稻田租金，而这些稻田是他们借给种植甘蔗的。在这种情况下，受打击最大的是富裕的农民，因为在此之前，他们通过出租广阔的稻田，从甘蔗种植园获得了大量收益。所以他们经常抵制土地租赁无效的提议。在像泗水这样的地区，稻田公社所有制普遍存在，这一阶层的农民通常属于村官，因此这些抵抗采取了村庄抵抗的形式。相反，在像Besuki这样几乎所有的稻田都属于个人所有的地区，在这些抵抗中发挥领导作用的是大型的缺席地主。这些情况表明，在此之前一直在进行的爪哇农民的社会分层，在大萧条期间变得缓慢得多。

In this study we analzed mainly the influences of the Great Depression on the social stratification of the peasants in the villages around the sugar-plantations. Because of the lower sugar price in the world market sugar-plantations in Java narrowed their planting area much at that time. The meaning of this for the peasants around the sugar-plantations is the vanishment of their main sources of cash-income because a lot of them lost their job in the sugar-cane fields and also they couldn't get enough rent of their rice-fields which they had lent out for cultivating sugar-cane. It is the well-to-do peasants who were hitted most in these situations since they had got much gain from the sugar-plantations until then through lending out of their wide rice-fields. So they often resisted to the proposed nulification of the land lease. In the regions such as Surabaya where communal ownership o f rice-fields was prevalent this class of peasants usually belonged to the village officials, and so these resistances took the form of village's resistance. On the contrary it was the large absentee landlords who played leading rolls in these resistances in the region such as Besuki where almost all the rice-fields were owned in individual ownership. These circumstances suggest that social stratification of the peasants in Java, which had gone on until then, became much slower during the Great Depression.