Naturalism reconsidered from the standpoint of ancient thought

本研究的目的是重新思考自然主义的本质（认为一切都属于自然界，因此可以用自然科学的方法来解释的学说）从古代哲学家的观点，特别是从亚里士多德的观点，并提出了一个更可信的图片人类语言和心理的救济。这项研究的结果是：1.通过三年的研究，我在重新检查以前整理的手稿的基础上，准备了一份新的亚里士多德的De Anima的日文翻译，并附有详细的评论。2.通过对柏拉图和亚里士多德关于自然与价值关系的比较研究，可以看出柏拉图对自然与价值关系的不断修正，而亚里士多德则认为价值是自成一类的，伦理观是矛盾的。3.通过对亚里士多德语言与心灵哲学解释史的研究，初步得出以下结论：对亚里士多德来说，一个词的指称是，noema（思想），而noema的概念，是有意观念的历史前提之一。后来的新柏拉图主义者将阿斯特丽德的诺玛等同于幻影，并将其定义为精神意象。因此，他们把亚里士多德的语言观转变为心理主义。心理学解释的基本动机是他们对心灵和语言的非因果性理解。亚里士多德关于心灵和语言的哲学的这种心理主义观点是故意的一些麻烦特征的主要来源之一。

The aim of this research was to re-consider the nature of naturalism (the doctrine that everything there is belongs to the world of nature, and so can be explained by the methods of natural sciences) from the ancient philosophers' viewpoints, especially from Aristotle's, and to bring out a much plausible picture of human language and mentality in relief.The results of this research were:1.Through three years of this research, I had prepared a new Japanese translation of Aristotle's De Anima with a detailed commentary, based on a re-examination of previously collated manuscripts. The translation will be published in 2000.2.The comparative study of Plato and Aristotle on the relationship between nature and value shows that Plato comprehends the relationship continuously, but Aristotle holds that values are sui generis and ethical outlook is autonomous.3.The study of the history of interpretations of Aristotle's philosophy of language and mind led to the tentative conclusions as follows : the designatum of a word is, for Aristotle, is noema (the thought) and the concept of noema is one of the historical antecedents of the idea of intentionally. Later Neo-platonists identified Aristotelian noema with phantasma, which is specified as mental image by them. Thus they transformed Aristotle's view of language into psychologism. The fundamental motive for the psychologistic interpretation is their non-causal understanding of mind and language. And this psychologistic outlook on Aristotle's philosophy of mind and language is one of the main sources of some troublesome features of intentionally.