Immunohistochemical studies on early changes of components of the nervous system after head injury and application to forensic diagnosis

1. 头部外伤后轴突损伤的免疫组化研究：进一步研究确定神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的免疫染色是否可以检测早期创伤后轴突的变化。NSE和淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）可以在头部外伤后存活仅1.5小时的病例中标记所谓的轴突球和肿胀的轴突，因此NSE应该是检测早期轴突改变的有用标记之一。脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的变化：采用抗胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、S100蛋白、vimentin、层粘连蛋白、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）抗体。GFAP和S100免疫染色在存活超过7天的头部损伤中标记出反应性星形胶质细胞，在存活9小时至7天的头部损伤中标记出肿胀的星形胶质细胞。此外，在存活时间小于1.5小时的病例中，通过GFAP和S100染色检测到核轴突和核固缩。vimentin， laminin和GS的免疫染色也标记了这些星形胶质细胞，提示星形胶质细胞的免疫染色可能有助于评估头部损伤后早期脑损伤。脑损伤后少突胶质细胞的变化：脑外伤后CNPase标记的少突胶质细胞免疫染色，未标记对照脑细胞。因此，CNPase染色对脑损伤后早期少突胶质细胞变化的检测具有重要意义。脑损伤后小胶质细胞的变化：存活2周以上的头部损伤病例中，蓖麻凝集素-1 （RCA1）标记的泡沫细胞被凝集素染色，存活9小时以上的病例中，被凝集素标记的增厚性小胶质细胞被凝集素染色，因此RCA1的凝集素染色可能有助于估计创伤后存活时间。

1. Immunohistochemical studies on axonal injury after head trauma: Further studies were performed to determine whether immunostaining for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) can detect early post-traumatic axonal changes. NSE as well as amyloid precursor protein (APP) could label so-called axonal bulbs and swollen axons in cases with only 1.5 hours' survival after head trauma, so that NSE should be one of useful markers for detection of early axonal changes.2. Changes of astrocytes after brain injury: Antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100 protein, vimentin, laminin and glutamine synthetase (GS) were used. Immunostaining for GFAP and S100 labelled both reactive astrocytes in cases of head injury with more than 7 days' survival and swollen astrocytes in cases with 9 hours' to 7 days' survival. Further, in cases with less than 1.5 hours' survival, clasmatodendrosis and pyknosis of the nucleus were detected by GFAP and S100 staining. Immunostaining for vimentin, laminin and GS also labelled these astrocytes, suggesting that immunostaining for astrocytes should be useful for evaluating early brain damage after head injury.3. Changes of oligodendrocytes after brain injury: Immnostaining for CNPase label oligodendrocytes of head trauma, though did not label cells of control brain. Therefore it is suggested that CNPase staining is very useful for detection of early oligodendrocytic changes after head injury.4. Changes of microglia after brain injury: Lectin staining for Ricinus Communis agglutinin-1 (RCA1) labelled so-called foamy cells in cases of head injury with more than 2 weeks' survival and hypertrophic microglia in cases with more than 9 hours' survival, so that lectin staining for RCA1 may be useful for estimating the duration of posttraumatic survival.