The program development for forming children's communication abilities in social studies

这项研究历时两年，从1998财年到1999财年。考虑到1998财年的初步调查，1999财年的研究重点是小组学习项目的发展，以形成沟通能力。(1)针对当今儿童的发展趋势，从理论上论证了小组学习作为合作学习的一种组织形式对儿童的发展，特别是对形成人际关系和沟通能力的重要意义。我们也证明了跨国界的交流与合作在国际上受到重视。我们明确指出，国际合作学习是有组织的。(2)然而，日本的课堂小组学习很难组织起来，方向也不够明确。因此，合作学习对儿童发展的潜力没有得到充分的利用。根据1998财年和1999财年的调查，我们证明了以下几点。究其原因，主要是没有考虑个性与社会性的辩证关系，把个性的发展简单地与组织个体学习联系起来，一如既往地重视学习的结果，忽视了教与学过程所具有的教育力量。(3)发展了以主题为中心的互动模式。它促进交流，建立在小组学习的基础上，作为一种有助于形成人际关系和责任意识的程序。通过在其中的交流，孩子们可以意识到他们的个性受到了重视。我们在学生身上进行了实验，并通过观察和学生的印象证明了该方案的有效性。

This study has lasted for two years, from the fiscal 1998 to the fiscal 1999. Considering the preliminary survey in the fiscal 1998, the study in the fiscal 1999 focused on the program development of group learning for forming communication abilities. We describe the following three points preponderantly as the results of this study.(1)In light of the development tendencies which children have nowadays, we proved theoretically that group learning as an organizational form of cooperative learning has a critical significance for children's development, especially for forming human relations and communication abilities. We also proved that communication and cooperation which crosses national borders are put stress on internationally. We indicated clearly that international cooperative learning is organized.(2)However, group learning in classes is hardly organized, and the direction of it is insufficient in Japan. Therefore the potential for children's development is not utilized sufficiently which cooperative learning has. We proved the following based on the surveys of the fiscal 1998 and the fiscal 1999. The cause is that the dialectic of individuality and sociality is not considered ; the development of individuality is connected with organizing individual learning simply ; the results of learning are attached importance to as always and the educational power which teaching-learning processes have is neglected.(3)We developed the interaction model centered themes. It promotes communication, being founded on group learning as a program which contributes to forming human relations and the consciousness of responsibility. Children can realize that their individualities are attached importance to through communication in it. We experimented on our students, and proved the effectiveness of the program by observations and students' impressions.