A Historical Study of the Relation between Russian Emigre Intellectuals and the Soviet Society

本研究旨在考察1917年十月革命后移居海外的俄国知识分子在政治态度上的转变。本研究还分析了流亡知识分子对苏联政府认识的影响及其历史意义。这项研究的主要对象是所谓的“smenovekhovstvo”——在俄罗斯移民中产生一定影响的改变地标运动。在考虑这一运动时，主要分析了1920年流亡的低教授乌斯特里亚洛夫的政治思想，因为他是这一异端的主要人物。乌斯特里亚洛夫认为，俄国革命将沿着“热月之路”“演变”，这样一来，革命就可以从自身的过度行为中解脱出来。因此，乌斯特里亚洛夫号召流亡者为了俄罗斯民族的利益与苏维埃政府和解并支持它。对苏联政府来说，“改变地标”运动的出现表明，反对布尔什维克的移民统一战线已经破裂。此外，具有现实主义眼光的苏联领导人认为，这一运动可以用来为国家重建获得熟练的技术、管理和文化知识分子。从这个意义上说，这场运动为所谓的“资产阶级专家”提供了一种意识形态，为他们与苏联政府的合作辩护。

This study aimed to examine the conversion in political attitude of the Russian intellectuals who had emigrated after the October revolution in 1917. And this study also analyzed the influence and the historical significance of the ecognition of the Soviet government by the emigre intellectuals. The main object of this study is so-called 'smenovekhovstvo' - the Changing Landmarks movement that had a certain impact among Russian emigrants. In considering this movement, the political thoughts of N.V. Ustrialov, a low professor who exiled in 1920, are mainly analyzed, because he was the major figure in this heresy.Ustrialov thought that the Russian revolution would 'evolve' through 'the way of Thermidor', and in doing so the revolution would be saved from its own excesses. Thus Ustrialov called to the emigres to reconcile with the Soviet government and support it for the sake of the Russian nation.For the Soviet government the appearance of the Changing Landmarks movement was an indication that the united front of emigre opposition to the Bolsheviks had broken down. In addition, the Soviet leaders who had a realistic perspective saw that this movement could be used in order to get skilled technical, managerial and cultural intellectuals for national reconstruction. In this sense this movement functioned for so-called 'bourgeois specialists' as an ideology which justified their collaboration with the Soviet government.