Anthropological Study on Rstructuring Ethnic Identities in African Tropical Rain Forest Zone

1.通过对中部非洲国家狩猎采集者的调查，得出以下结论：(1)喀麦隆的巴卡人和加蓬的邦戈人在早期就定居下来，转而种植经济作物和开采砂矿，他们依靠对动物和森林褶皱的了解以及基于森林精神宗教的仪式实践，将自己与邻近的农民区分开来。(2)巴卡和邦加强了成年男子之间的联系，并与农民保持近乎平等的关系，避免与他们发生冲突。(3)与此同时，商业伐木和商业贸易已经渗透到刚果共和国东北部的森林地区，许多农民流向小城市。也就是说，现在对农业劳动力的需求比以前更频繁了，他们更频繁地呆在农民的村庄里，寻找机会获得机会。在这些制度下，阿卡族与农民之间的冲突逐渐增多，农民希望保持比阿卡族更高的社会地位。(4)在刚果民主共和国和乌干达，由于围绕土地保有权的武装冲突变得严重，Mbuti或Twa等狩猎采集者成为国内难民或大屠杀的受害者。通过对基于不同生存状态的群体之间的语言考察，发现两者可能具有相同的语言同一性.对商品经济和农村农民社会的调查表明，经济作物的种植有利于农民获得其他形式的现金收入。

1. Through survey on hunter-gatherers in Centaral African countries, these points as below were showed.(1) Baka in Cameroon and Bongo in Gabon, who have been sedentrized in earlier times and switched to cash crop cultivation and placer mining, distinguish themselves from neighboring farmers, depending on knowledge on animals and pleats in forest and ritual practice based on forest spirit religion.(2) Baka and Bong strengthen the bond among adult men and maintain nearly equal relationship with farmers, avoiding conflict with them.(3) Meanwhile, commercial logging and commercial trade have penetrated into the forest zone of Northeastern Congo Republic and many farmers flowed out to small cities. Aka there are more often requisiton for farming labor than before and they stay more frequently in famers villages seeking chances to get chash. In these stituations,, conflicts between Aka aned farmers, who would like to maintain higher social status thanAka, gradulattely has been increasing.(4) In Democratic Republic of Conago and Uganda, as armed conflict around land tenure has become severe, hunter-gatherers such as Mbuti or Twa has become internal refugees or victims of massacres.2. From invsetigation on languages among groups based on different subsistence, the possiblity has been found that both may have the same linguistic identity.3. Survey on commercial economy and rural farmer societies made clear that cash crop cultivation facilitate farmers to get other means for cash income.