A case study on the strategy for universalization of primary education

这项研究通过对越南的个案研究，审查了普及初等教育的战略。已经达到95%初等教育入学率的国家必须采取不同的方法为“最后5%的儿童”提供初等教育。最后5%的儿童生活在各种困难的条件下，如生活在偏远地区、城市贫困、残疾和种族问题。为了克服这些问题，必须在地方和中央两级发展政府的教育研究和规划能力，目前，地方一级的承诺，特别是利用社区制度是普及和改善教育服务的关键。当地人民和家长在财政上支持初等教育。他们支付学校建设和维修的各种教育费用以及临时教师的额外工资。在这种情况下，发展地方公社的能力，加强其对教育发展的承诺也是至关重要的。本研究考察了经济水平、教育水平和全日制学校的引进等指标之间的相关性。因此，本研究未能发现省级层面的相关性。这意味着对地方社区一级的分析应该是重要的。在社区一级，以下两个因素在提供教育方面发挥重要作用，即：（1）社区的经济能力，（2）社区领导人的强烈意愿和承诺。特别是教育社会化运动对教育的发展起到了重要作用。这一运动是包括政府、私营企业和人民团体在内的所有社会行为者的教育促进活动。越南的这一案例表明，在中央政府缺乏资源的情况下，这种分散的地方举措对普及教育至关重要。

This research examined the strategy for universalization of primary education through the case study in Vietnam. Countries that already have achieved 95% enrollment rate of primary education are required to have different approach to deliver the primary education to the "last 5% children". The last 5% of children are under various difficult conditions such as living in remote areas, urban poverty, disabilities and ethnic problems. In order to overcome those problems, it is necessary to develop government capacity of educational research and planning both at local and central levels.At present, local level commitment, in particular, utilizing commune system is the key for the universalization and improvement of educational service. Local people and parents financially support primary education. They pay various educational expenditures for school construction and repair and extra salaries for temporary teachers. Under this situation, again, it is crucial to develop the capacity of local commune and strengthen their commitment to educational development.This research examined the correlation among indexes of economic standard, education level and introduction of full day schooling. As the result, the research could not find correlations at provincial level. It implies that analysis of local commune level should be important. At the commune level, the following two factors play important roles for the provision of education i.e. 1)economic capacity of commune, 2)strong will and commitment on commune leaders. In particular, ‘socialisation of education' movement plays important role for educational development. This movement is educational promotion activities by all social actors including government, private firm and people's organizations. This Vietnamese case shows that, under the situation of lack of deficient resources in central government, this kind of decentralized local initiative is crucial for the universalisation of education.