University-Industry Linkage in Japan and US : National Innovation Systems Approach

本文以国家创新系统为分析框架，从多个角度对校企联动进行了研究。首先，我们对东京大学（完整）和其他日本大学（样本）的工程、医学和制药教授和副教授进行了调查，调查内容包括他们的研究活动、与外部研究人员的合作，以及他们在大学周围环境发生重大变化的五年中如何变化。我们发现，他们与中小企业的合作显著增加，通过专利和许可进行的正式技术转让增加了，但传统的、不太正式的技术转让并没有减少，在选择项目时，可商业化成为更重要的考虑因素。其次，我们对1992-2001年东京大学工程系教授和副教授发表的论文进行了文献计量分析。与公共研究机构和外国机构的研究人员共同撰写论文变得更加普遍。与公司研究人员合作的人数有所增加，但比例有所下降。第三，我们分析了日本大型电气制造商和制药公司的研究人员发表的论文、专利申请和专利申请的论文引用，以调查私营公司如何吸收和利用大学进行的科学研究。第四，我们对Tio2光催化剂的研发活动进行了网络分析，并对医疗药物和机械的研发进行了详细的案例研究，以提取最佳实践。第五，我们分析了专利制度成为不同主体之间技术转移重要途径的条件。具体而言，详细分析了有关雇员发明的法律规定的效果。

We investigated university-industry linkage from various angles using the national innovation systems approach as our analytic framework.First, we conducted a survey of Engineering, Medical and Pharmaceutical professors and associate professors at University of Tokyo (complete) and other Japanese universities (sample) on their research activities, co-operation with outside researchers, and how they changed over the five years during which the environment around universities changed considerably. We found that their co-operation with SMEs increased significantly, that formal technological transfer through patenting and licensing increased but traditional, less formal technological transfer did not decrease, and that commercialisability became a more important concern when choosing a project.Second, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of paper publications by Engineering professors and associate professors at University of Tokyo during 1992-2001. Co-authorship with researchers at public research institutions and foreign institutions became more common. Co-authorship with company researchers increased in number but decreased in proportion.Third, we analysed paper publications, patent filings, and paper citations by patent filings by researchers at large electric manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies in Japan to investigate how private companies absorb and utilize scientific research conducted at universities.Fourth, we conducted a network analysis of R&D activities in Tio2 Photocatalysts and detailed case studies of R&D in medical drugs and machineries to extract best practices.Fifth, we analysed the conditions under which the patent system is an important path for technology transfer among different actors under the NIS. In particular, the effects of legal provisions concerning employee inventions were analysed in detail.