Occurrence and Control of Polar Persistent Pollutants (P3) in Urban Wastewater

包括医疗药物和化妆品在内的药品和个人护理产品（PPCP）是日常生活中常用的产品，被认为是造成潜在环境问题的新兴污染物。PPCPs是一种难生物降解的极性污染物，在传统的污水处理过程中，PPCPs的去除效率较低。本研究主要研究了PPCPs在污水处理中的产生和减少，因为生活污水是PPCPs进入水环境的主要入口。此外，本研究还着重于基于其环境数据和活性污泥批处理试验的可生物降解性，对污水处理过程中与废水相关的PPCPs进行初步风险评估，并应用SPE-LC/MS/MS方法对污水和污泥中的PPCPs进行了测定，在早期测定了几种选定的抗生素，在后期测定了约50种PPCPs。 ...更多信息 在这项研究中的阶段。从进水污水的结果来看，检测到许多PPCPs，并且发现湿含量在10 ng/L至10μg/L的数量级。咖啡因（10μg/L）、对乙酰氨基酚（8.4μg/L）、苯扎贝特（2.7μg/L）、茶碱（2.0μg/L）、克拉霉素（1.4μg/L）、舒必利（1.1μg/L）等药物浓度较高。在常规生物处理过程中，它们的去除率在30-100%之间，这表明去除效率很大程度上取决于PPCPs的特性。在生物处理的基础上，臭氧氧化可使二级出水中的PPCPs去除80%左右，但对丙托吡胺和酮洛芬的去除效果较差，臭氧氧化后的去除率仅为60%左右，达到100 ng/L以上。根据藻类生长抑制试验结果，计算了污水处理过程中的MEC/NOEC风险商数。进水中各PPCP的风险商均大于1，经生物处理后降至1以下，臭氧氧化后降至0.1。当使用活性污泥进行PPCP的分批处理时，监测水中的PPCP浓度。其浓度在普通活性污泥和灭活处理的活性污泥之间的消除速率的差异可以假定为表观生物降解性。水中PPCPs的减少似乎受到许多PPCPs生物降解性的影响，但抗生素和杀菌剂的影响较小。PPCPs在实际污水处理过程中的减少与其表观生物降解性之间存在正相关关系。少

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) including medical drugs and cosmetics are commonly used in daily life, which are being recognized emerging pollutants causing potential environmental issues. Most of them are less biodegradable and polar to some extent called "Persistent Polar Pollutant(P3)" which am expected to be less effectively removed during conventional wastewater treatment.This study mainly focused on the commence and reduction of PPCPs in sewage treatment where most of domestic wastewater axe collected because they are deemed to be their major portal site to the water environment. In addition this study she focused on initial risk evaluation of PPCPs associated with wastewater in sewage treatment based on their ea: don-laity data and on their biodegradability by batch experiment using activated sludge.SPE-LC/MS/MS method far measurement of PPCPs in sewage and sludge were applied for a few selected antibiotics at the early stage and for around 50 PPCPs at the fin … More al stage in this study. From the results of influent sewage, many PPCPs were detected and wets found to range at the order of 10ng/L to 10μg/L. Caffeine (10μg/L), acetaminophen (8.4μg/L.), bezafibrate (2.7μg/L), theophylline (2.0μg/L), clarithromycin (1.4μg/L), sulpiride(1.1μg/L) etc. occurred at higher concentrations. Their removal efficiencies ranged 30-100% during conventional biological treatment, which indicated removal efficiencies greatly depend on characteristics of PPCPs. Around 80 % of reduction of PPCPs residing in secondary effluent could be expected by ozonation following biological treatment for many PPCPs, but disopiramide and ketoprofen were less effectively removed as low as 60% even by ozonation, which resulted in 100ng/L or more concentration after ozonation. Risk quotient that can be calculated from MEC/NOEC based on algal growth inhibition test was evaluated during wastewater treatment. The risk quotient of each PPCP exceeded one in influent sewage and decreased to less than 1 after biological treatment, and finally decreased to 0.1 after oznation. When batch treatment of PPCPs using activated sludge was conducted, PPCP concentrations in water were monitored. The difference in elimination rates of their concentrations between common activated sludge and that manipulated for inactivation can be assumed apparent biodegradability. Reduction of PPCPs in water seemed to be afflicted by biodegradability for many PPCPs, but less for antibiotics and germicides. Positive relationship between reduction of PPCPs in the actual sewage process and their apparent biodegradability was observed. Less