Historical Sociometrics of Women's Labor in Modern Japan

本研究旨在厘清近代日本性别分工的形成—转化过程、女性劳动力对现代产业的供给机制、家庭就业与劳动力供给结构。收集这五十年的人口普查数据和调查数据，将1965年SSM调查的未分析答案编码成新的数据集，并为此对郡山女高中毕业生进行问卷调查。最有成果的资源是1965年SSM调查的编码数据。通过这些数据，可以分析1870 ~ 1940年出生的女性等家庭的就业结构。研究结果揭示了包括个体劳动者和受雇劳动者在内的多就业家庭的规模和结构，以及现代产业中劳动家庭和新中产阶级的形成过程。然后，我们发现按就业结构和劳动力构成分类的家庭类型是经济差异和政党支持的主导因素。这些发现对阶级结构和女性劳动的研究是闻所未闻的。问卷调查揭示了以下几点要点。妇女的区域流动与阶级间流动之间存在着密切的相互关系。典型的女性职业模式是：(1)工人阶级或农民阶级出身的女性倾向于移民到大都市地区，成为工人阶级或工人阶级家庭的家庭主妇；(2)新老中产阶级出身的女性倾向于留在家乡，成为新老中产阶级或中产阶级家庭的家庭主妇。这种流动结构与男性的流动是共同的，因此女性和男性具有互补的流动模式来生产和再生产各阶层的家庭。

This research aims at clarifying the formation-transformation processes of sexual division of labor, the supply mechanism of the female labor power to modern industries, and the employment and the labor power supply structure of a household in modern Japan. Census data and survey data of these five decades were collected, unanalyzed answers of 1965 SSM survey were coded and made into new data sets, and questionnaire survey of Koriyama girls high school graduate were conducted for this purpose. The most fruitful resource was recoded data of 1965 SSM survey. This data has made it possible to analyze employment structure of households including women born during 1870-1940.In the result, we could clarify size and structure of multi-employment household including individual workers and employed workers, and formation processes of single bread-winner household of working and new middle classes in modern industries. Then, we found household types classified according to employment structure and composition of labor power is dominant factors of economic disparities and political party support. These findings are previously unheard contribution to studies on class structure and women's labor. The questionnaire survey revealed some important points as follows. There is close interrelationship between regional mobility and inter-class mobility of women. Typical career patterns of women are : (1) women with working class or farming class origin tend to immigrate to metropolitan area and become members of working class or housewives of working class household, (2) women with new or old middle classes tend to stay in hometown and become members of new or old middle classes or housewives of middle class households. These mobility structure is common with men's mobility, so women and men have complementary mobility Patterns to produce and reproduce household of each classes.