HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON NEURAL-BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT

提出了一个人类和动物研究的综合方案。 它将 检查雄激素影响的神经和社会因素， 雌激素对发育的影响，特别是大脑皮层， 认知. 人类研究将包括对两个暴露群体的研究 产前异常激素环境：1.先天性肾上腺皮质增生 肾上腺增生（CAH），其中肾上腺过度产生雄激素;和2. 患有特纳综合征（TS）的女性，其中卵巢不能产生 荷尔蒙 研究1将探讨玩具中的变化 CAH女孩的偏好反映了社会因素，如父母 观念和治疗，而不是或除了激素 对大脑发育的影响 患有CAH的儿童将被录像 独自一人，和父母一起，玩性别类型和中性玩具。 纸和铅笔的措施也将用于衡量性别 识别和性别类型的父母的看法，并获得广泛的 行为的措施。 研究2将使用以下方法检查TS患者的认知 一些测试，一些与男性相关的测量功能（例如， 视觉空间能力和语言侧化），一些测量功能 与女性相关（例如，语言流畅性和感知速度）， 有些与性别无关。 这将区分3种假设 关于TS女性的认知发展：1.男性功能受损 神经系统; 2.男性和女性系统受损;或3.一般 与性别分化无关的缺陷。 女孩的玩具偏好 将研究TS，以确定游戏行为的变化是否与 成人认知功能 对老鼠的研究将探讨机制 激素对大脑皮层发育的潜在影响， 为解释临床研究提供信息。 数据表明 激素对皮质发育的影响不同于那些已建立的 其他地方 我们将使用标准的激素去除技术， 行政部门对此进行审查。 我们还将研究 皮质雌激素受体描绘激素作用的可能位点 为了验证大脑皮层发育的性别差异 这是由受体分布的性别差异引起的。 这项研究将 提供有关荷尔蒙和社会因素如何单独作用的信息， 组合以影响皮质和认知发育。 它将 提供关于动物与人类发展相关性的信息 模型，并将增加对行为后果的理解， 产前暴露于性别类型的激素。

An integrated program of human and animal research is proposed. It will examine neural and social factors underlying influences of androgens and estrogens on development, particularly of the cerebral cortex and cognition. Human research will include studies of two groups exposed prenatally to unusual hormone milieus: 1. children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in which the adrenal gland overproduces androgen; and 2. females with Turner's Syndrome (TS) in which the ovary fails to produce hormones. Study 1 will investigate the hypothesis that changes in toy preferences of girls with CAH reflect social factors, such as parental perceptions and treatment, rather than or in addition to hormonal influences on the developing brain. Children with CAH will be videotaped alone, and with both parents, playing with sex-typed and neutral toys. Paper and pencil measures will also be used to measure gender identification and sex-typed parental perceptions, and to obtain broad measures of behavior. Study 2 will examine cognition in TS patients using several tests, some measuring functions associated with males (e.g., visuospatial ability and language lateralization), some measuring functions associated with females (e.g., verbal fluency and perceptual speed) and some unrelated to gender. These will distinguish among 3 hypotheses concerning cognitive development in TS females: 1. impaired masculine neural systems; 2. impaired masculine and feminine systems; or 3. general impairment, unrelated to sexual differentiation. Toy preferences of girls with TS will be studied to determine if changes in play behavior parallel adult cognitive function. Research on rats will investigate mechanisms underlying hormonal influences on the developing cerebral cortex and provide information for interpreting clinical studies. Data suggest that hormonal influences on cortical development differ from those established elsewhere. We will use standard techniques of hormone removal and administration to examine this. We will also examine the distribution of cortical estrogen receptors to delineate possible sites of hormone action and to test the hypothesis that sex difference in cortical development result from sex differences in receptor distribution. This research will provide information as to how hormonal and social factors act singly and in combination to influence cortical and cognitive development. It will provide information regarding the relevance to human development of animal models and will increase understanding of the behavioral consequences of prenatal exposure to sex-typed hormones.