CHARACTERIZATION OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

在过去的一年里，我们试图从不同方面描述 精神分裂症患者的认知异常。特别是，我们已经尝试了 来研究潜在的认知机制，这些机制可能会产生某些 本病的临床特点。 1.总的来说，我们的研究表明，思维障碍可能是由于 精神分裂症患者的语义组织异常。我们还没有 发现思维障碍与工作记忆或执行能力有关 功能障碍。相反，我们观察到思维障碍可能是 与任务上的负面启动有关，这些任务需要“传播语义” 此外，我们还发现，思维障碍可能与 区分语义障碍，而不是语音流畅性。 2.我们研究了不同范式下的工作记忆。第一, 我们发现，短期记忆缺陷是由“认知能力”造成的 而不是注意力或分心本身。我们还 结果表明，在短时记忆任务中，面对缺陷 干扰可能是由于两者差异的某种组合造成的 必须记住的延迟时间和实际信息量。 第三，我们证明了工作记忆是一个重要的组成部分。 3.通过检查包括利培酮在内的各种抗精神病药物， 氯氮平和氟哌啶醇，我们观察到一个双解离。氯氮平 可能是官方对警觉注意力的影响，但也可能 对工作记忆和次级记忆的有害影响。这些 结果可以在氯氮平相对良性的基础上被理解 对基底节功能的影响及其可能的不良影响 多巴胺和胆碱能神经调节的皮质认知 功能正常。 4.我们继续评估认知障碍的特异性 通过检查创伤性脑损伤患者的精神分裂症。 5.我们再次研究了精神分裂症的亚型问题。在……里面 特别是，我们发现男性和女性患者之间没有差异。 6.我们研究了二次记忆。我们有兴趣检查 精神分裂症患者在生态记忆上的表现是否不同 然后在有奖励和没有奖励的情况下完成实验室记忆任务。我们也是 对精神分裂症患者在什么情况下可能 考虑到他们倾向于保持奇怪的错觉，他们会聊天。

For the past year, we have attempted to characterize various facets of cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia. In particular, we have tried to examine underlying cognitive mechanisms that might produce certain clinical features of the illness. 1. In general, our work suggests that thought disorder may be due to abnormalities in semantic organization in schizophrenia. We have not found that thought disorder is related to working memory or executive dysfunction. Rather, we have observed that thought disorder may be related to negative priming on tasks necessitating "spreading semantic activation". Also, we have found that thought disorder may be related to differential impairment in semantic rather than phonologic fluency. 2. We have examined working memory in a variety of paradigms. First, we showed that short term memory deficits were due to "cognitive capacity limitations" rather than attention or distractibility per se. We also showed that deficits on a task of short term memory in the face of interference may be due to some combination of differences in both delayed time and actual amount of information that must be remembered. Third, we showed that working memory was an important component. 3. By examining a variety of neuroleptics including risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol, we observed a double-dissociation. Clozapine might have been official effects on attention of vigilance, but may have deleterious effects on working memory and secondary memory. These results may be understood on the basis of clozapine's relatively benign effect on basal ganglia function and its possible adverse affect on dopamine mediated and cholinergic mediated cortical cognitive functioning. 4. We have continued to assess the specificity of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia by examining patients with traumatic brain injury. 5. We again have looked at the issue of subtyping in schizophrenia. In particular, we found no differences between male and female patients. 6. We have examined secondary memory. We were interested in examining whether schizophrenic patients performed differently on ecological memory tasks then laboratory memory tasks with and without reward. We also were interested in conditions under which schizophrenic patients might confabulate given their tendency to maintain bizarre delusions.