LTLS: Analysis and simulation of the Long-Term / Large-Scale interactions of C, N and P in UK land, freshwater and atmosphere

近几十年和几个世纪以来，英国生态系统中C、N和P的池和通量已经被农业的传播和基于肥料的集约化、大气污染以及化石燃料引起的气候变化所改变。我们需要了解决定这些影响的过程，以提高农业的可持续性，保护碳储量，控制陆地和淡水生态系统的富营养化，并减少向海洋输送的养分和温室气体排放。土壤和沉积物中的C、N和P的当代库反映了发生在一系列时间尺度上（土壤中有机质周转时间长达1000年或更长）和一系列空间尺度上的过程。我们建议研究解决环境中C，N和P的长期，大规模加工。主要目标是根据过去的输入、生物和非生物相互作用以及传输过程，对可观测的陆地和水生库、C、N和P的浓度和通量进行核算，以解决以下科学问题：1.在过去的200年里，英国不同流域的土壤C、N和P库对养分富集的时间响应是什么？2.对C、N和P从陆地向大气、淡水和河口的转移产生了什么样的影响？3.陆地和淡水生物多样性如何对不同地点的营养物富集所引起的生态系统生产力的增加作出反应？我们的目标是在一个综合的定量描述的相互关联的土地和水池和C，N和P的年通量为英国随着时间的推移。该项目的核心是应用，开发和参数化适用于长时间尺度和广泛空间尺度的基于机械的模型。这些模型将利用英国现有的大量地球化学数据，并通过新的有针对性的测量来填补重要的空白。一个关键的组成部分是土壤和沃茨中天然有机物的放射性碳数据，这为估计有机物的长期周转率提供了独特的手段。该项目分为七个工作包，如下所示。这涉及监测和调查数据的整理和管理以及文献检索。驱动和参数化模型将需要数据。WP 2新测量。将获得有关燃料的C & N释放，C，N，P和放射性碳的土壤浓度，C，N和P的植被含量，土壤反硝化作用的主要努力，河流有机质，包括放射性碳含量的间隙填充信息。这将使用各种数据和大气物理学，以描述从1800年到现在的英国在5平方公里分辨率下的氮沉积，并考虑到工业和农业的排放。将开发模型并设定参数，以描述（a）自然和农业土壤中C、N和P的生态地球化学循环，模拟气体逃逸和溶质沥滤造成的损失，以及（B）物理侵蚀。这些将描述有机物（包括C，N和P）的沉积物运输，湖泊处理，脱氮和地下水运输。点源输入将被量化。WP 6集成模型。IM将把WP 3 -5的模型整合到一个基于网格的水文系统中，适用于整个英国。通过IM，我们将回答问题1和2，产生时间和空间的陆地和水生输出的代表集水区。IM将包括对不确定性的估计，并适用于未来的情景分析。WP 3 -6的模型输出将用于分析陆地植物多样性和湖泊沉积物中的硅藻多样性，从而解决问题3。

During recent decades and centuries, pools and fluxes of C, N and P in UK ecosystems have been transformed by the spread and fertiliser-based intensification of agriculture, by atmospheric pollution, and now by fossil-fuel induced climate change. We need to understand the processes that determine these effects, in order to improve the sustainability of agriculture, preserve carbon stocks, control the eutrophication of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, and reduce nutrient delivery to the sea and greenhouse gas emissions. Contemporary pools of C, N and P in soils and sediments reflect processes occurring on a range of timescales (up to 1000 years or more for organic matter turnover in soils) and also over a range of spatial scales. We propose research to address long-term, large scale processing of C, N and P in the environment. The principal objective is to account for observable terrestrial and aquatic pools, concentrations and fluxes of C, N and P on the basis of past inputs, biotic and abiotic interactions, and transport processes, in order to address the following scientific questions; 1. Over the last 200 years, what have been the temporal responses of soil C, N and P pools in different UK catchments to nutrient enrichment? 2. What have been the consequent effects on C, N and P transfers from land to the atmosphere, freshwaters and estuaries?3. How have terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity responded to increases in ecosystem productivity engendered by nutrient enrichment at different locations?We aim at an integrated quantitative description of the interlinked land and water pools and annual fluxes of C, N and P for the UK over time. Central to the project is the application, development and parameterisation of mechanistically-based models applicable over long timescales and at a broad spatial scale. The models will be designed to exploit the large number of existing biogeochemical data for the UK, with new targeted measurements to fill important gaps. A key ingredient is radiocarbon data for natural organic matter in soils and waters, which provide a unique means of estimating longer-term turnover rates of organic matter. The project is organised into seven workpackages, as follows.WP1 Data. This involves the collation and management of monitoring and survey data and literature searches. Data will be required for driving and parameterising models.WP2 New measurements. Gap-filling information will be obtained about C & N releases from fuels, soil concentrations of C, N, P, and radiocarbon, vegetation contents of C, N and P, a major effort on soil denitrification, riverine organic matter including radiocarbon contents.WP3 Atmospheric model. This will use a variety of data, and atmospheric physics, to describe N deposition at 5 km2 resolution for the UK from 1800 to the present, and take into account emissions from industry and agriculture.WP4 Terrestrial models. Models will be developed and parameterised to describe (a) biogeochemical cycling of C, N and P in natural and agricultural soils, simulating losses by gaseous evasion and solute leaching, and (b) physical erosion.WP5 Aquatic models. These will describe sediment transport of organic matter (including C, N and P), lake processing, denitrification, and groundwater transport. Point source inputs will be quantified.WP6 Integrated Model. The IM will bring together the models from WP3-5 within a grid-based hydrological system, applicable to the whole of the UK. Through the IM we will answer Questions 1 and 2, producing temporal and spatial terrestrial and aquatic outputs for representative catchments. The IM will include estimates of uncertainty and be applicable for future scenario analysis.WP7 Biodiversity. Model output from WP3-6 will be used to analyse terrestrial plant diversity and diatom diversity in lake sediments, thereby addressing Question 3.