Home And Out-of-home Care In Child Development

这个项目包括在哥德堡（瑞典）和柏林（德国）进行的纵向研究以及在柏林进行的一系列研究。在瑞典进行的纵向研究旨在阐明早期护理安排对1982年招募的145名平均16个月大的儿童发展的影响。初步分析表明，家庭护理的质量和替代护理的质量对儿童的语言能力、社会技能和个人成熟度有实质性的影响。随着孩子们进入正规教育体系，这些影响似乎逐渐减弱。目前正在评估这些15岁儿童在最后一年的心理状况和教育历史，并于2001财年开始对这些数据进行分析。在柏林，研究人员在城市政治统一前不久开始研究儿童和看护人之间的依恋关系。对比分析表明，与以前相比，婴儿在团聚后更有可能与照顾者建立安全的依恋关系，这可能是因为后来的照料者更关注婴儿个体的风格和需求。在随后的一项研究中，研究人员详细观察了接受或未接受定期户外护理的幼儿的日常经历。数据显示了不同的成人关注、刺激和情感交流的日常模式，尽管一天中所经历的社会互动总量并不取决于幼儿是否在日托所度过的时间。在Berlin纵向研究中，研究者通过对婴儿的心理生理和行为倾向进行评估，以评估情绪反应和母婴依恋的先前个体差异对婴儿适应家庭外中心护理的影响。初步分析表明，在日托中心，当母亲在场时，安全型依恋的婴儿比非安全型依恋的婴儿心率更慢，变化更大。婴儿与照顾者关系的质量、婴儿与父母的依恋和婴儿的气质都对日托的适应有影响。

This project involves longitudinal studies being conducted in Goteberg (Sweden) and Berlin (Germany) as well as a series of studies in Berlin. The longitudinal study in Sweden was designed to elucidate the effects of early care arrangements on the development of 145 children recruited in 1982 at an average of 16 months of age. Initial analyses indicated that the quality of home care and the quality of alternative care had substantial effects on the children's verbal abilities, social skills, and personal maturity. These effects appeared to diminish as the children moved into the formal educational system. The psychological status and educational histories of these children at 15 years of age during their final year of school have been and are currently being assessed, and analysis of these data began in FY01. In Berlin, researchers began stuyding the attachments between children and careproviders shortly before political reunification of the city. Comparative analyses show that infants were more likely to establish secure attachments to their careproviders after reunification than before, perhaps because care providers in the later regime focused on the styles and needs of individual infants. In a subsequent study, researchers observed in detail the everyday experiences of toddlers who either did or did not receive regular out-of-home care. The data showed different diurnal patterns of adult attention, stimulation, and emotional exchange, although the total amount of social interaction experienced over the course of the day did not differ depending on whether or not the toddlers spent time in day care. In the Berlin longitudinal study, researchers are assessing the psychophysiological and behavioral tendencies of infants in order to assess the effects of prior individual differences in emotional reactivity and infant-mother attachment on the adaptation to out-of-home center care. Preliminary analyses indicate that the securely attached infants had slower and more variable heart rates at day care when their mothers were present than insecurely attached infants did. The quality of infant-careprovider relations, infant-parent attachment, and infant temperament all appeared to shape adaptation to day care.