Genetic & Experiential Influences On Vocal Development

这和一个同伴项目（Z01 HD001123-13）研究灵长类动物的听觉交流。这些研究的总体目标是从发育、神经机制、内分泌因素和社会环境等方面全面了解灵长类动物的听觉交流。松鼠猴和普通狨猴这两个物种是研究的主要对象，并在适当情况下从其他物种收集额外数据。本项目从生物声学和行为学的角度研究灵长类动物的交流，重点研究自然环境下发声的详细声学结构，以及结构差异与年龄、性别、经验和反应选择性差异的关系，以及社会环境和遗传背景等更广泛的因素。新的发现集中在听觉交流的感知方面，使用回放技术来检查通过对刺激的声音反应来测量的感知偏好。一种远距离的亲缘性发声，即隔离声，被测试对不同物种在声学细节上的差异的反应性。对2种松鼠猴（sammiri sciureus和S. boliviensis）的Peeps进行了数字化处理，并将其输入文库作为回放刺激。研究人员测量了每种叫声的8个声学参数，并将这些参数输入判别函数分析，以确定给定的叫声是否代表了一种或另一种物种叫声的弱、典型或极端变体。共选择432个呼叫作为回放刺激。选取4个社会群体，2个物种各2个群体作为研究对象。受试者在户外跑步中进行测试，每一阶段有12个刺激试验和4个对照组（无刺激）试验。会议每天进行。到目前为止，四组中的三组已经接受了测试。这两组金银花对两个物种的重放刺激均有响应，因此不表现出物种选择性。然而，如果响应措施是与群体成员的对抗性隔离偷窥，S. boliviensis群体确实表现出统计学上显著的更大倾向于对自己物种的呼叫做出声音反应。未来的工作将试图解决潜在的机制，似乎赋予不同的感官偏见的两个密切相关的物种研究。

This and a companion project (Z01 HD001123-13) investigate auditory communication in primates. The overall goal of these studies is to provide a comprehensive understanding of primate auditory communication in terms of development, neural mechanisms, endocrine factors, and social context. Two species, the squirrel monkey and the common marmoset, are the main subjects of study, with additional data collected from other species where appropriate. The present project studies primate communication from a bioacoustic and ethological perspective, focusing on the detailed acoustic structure of vocalizations produced in natural settings, and the relationship of structural differences to differences in age, gender, experience and response selectivity, as well as the broader factors of social context and genetic background. New findings focused on the perceptual side of auditory communication, using playback techniques to examine perceptual preferences as measured by vocally responding to the stimulus. A long-distance affiliative vocalization, the isolation peep, was tested for responsiveness to species-specific differences in the acoustic details. Isolation Peeps from 2 species of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus and S. boliviensis) were digitized, then entered into a library for use as playback stimuli. Eight acoustic parameters of each call were measured, and these parameters entered into a discriminant function analysis to determine whether a given call represented a weak, typical or extreme variant of one or the other species' calls. A total of 432 calls were selected as playback stimuli. Four social groups, 2 groups of each of the 2 species, were chosen as subjects. Subjects were tested in an outdoor run and were presented with 12 stimulus trials and 4 control (no stimulus) trials per session. Sessions were run daily. Three of the 4 groups have been tested, to date. The two groups of S. sciureus called to playback stimuli of both species, hence did not show species selectivity. However, the group of S. boliviensis did show a statistically significantly greater tendency to vocally respond to their own species' calls, if the response measure was antiphonal isolation peeps from group members. Future work will attempt to resolve the underlying mechanism that appears to impart different sensory biases to the 2 closely-related species under study.