An Economic Study of Three Decades of Smoking Cessation

研究1调查了从戒烟产品制造商到消费者的信息流。这些产品的生产者广告可能有助于实现与公共服务反吸烟信息相同的一些公共健康目标。为了衡量信息流，我们将使用清单内容分析来统计平面媒体上戒烟产品的广告数量和范围，并辅之以电视广告的内容分析。该项目将测试信息流是否因食品和药物管理局[FDA]监管要求的变化而改变。尽管FDA最初对戒烟产品的广告有严格的监管要求，但这些产品从处方药状态转移到非处方药状态以及法规的其他变化可能会降低生产商为一系列戒烟产品开展重大和广泛的广告活动的成本。研究1还将产生衡量消费者信息的指标，这些指标将纳入研究2的S计量经济模型。研究2将对公共政策对戒烟的影响进行计量经济学估计。计量经济学分析将使用五个具有全国代表性的大型面板数据集：国家纵向调查原始队列的四个样本中的三个-老年男性、成熟女性和年轻女性；1979年全国青年纵向调查；以及收入动态小组研究。在这些调查中，关于吸烟的回溯性问题使我们能够构建每个受访者一生吸烟史的测量方法。利用吸烟史，我们将考察从20世纪60年代到90年代戒烟的决定因素。利用地理位置信息，该项目将把政策变量与核心数据合并，以提供受访者面临的政策环境的历史。这些数据使我们能够研究戒烟率如何受到税收、对吸烟的直接限制、有关吸烟对健康影响的信息以及戒烟产品的可用性和广告的影响。这些数据的纵向性质还将使我们能够探索生育率和婚姻破裂等人生事件的影响，以及工作状态和收入等在整个人生过程中不同的社会经济因素的影响。

Study 1 investigates the flow of information from manufacturers of smoking cessation products to consumers. Producer advertising of these products may help achieve some of the same public health goals as public service anti-smoking messages. To measure the flow of information, we will use manifest content analysis to count the number and scope of advertisements of smoking cessation products in print media, supplemented by content analysis of television advertising. The project will test whether the flow of information was altered by changes in the Food and Drug Administration's [FDA] regulatory requirements. Although the FDA initially had strict regulatory requirements for the advertising of smoking cessation products, the movement of these products from prescription to over-the-counter status and other changes in regulations may have made it less costly for producers to mount significant and extensive advertising campaigns for a range of smoking cessation products. Study 1 will also yield measures of consumer information that will be incorporated into Study 2's econometric models. Study 2 will provide econometric estimates of the effects of public policies on smoking cessation. The econometric analysis will use five large nationally representative panel data sets: three of the four samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys Original Cohort - Older Men, Mature Women, and Younger Women; the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979; and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Retrospective questions on smoking in these surveys allow us to construct measures of each respondent's lifetime smoking history. Using the smoking histories, we will examine the determinants of smoking cessation from the 1960s to the 1990s. Using information on geographic location, the project will merge policy variables with the core data to provide histories of the policy environments faced by respondents. These data allow us to study how quit rates are influenced by taxes, direct restrictions on smoking, information about the health consequences of smoking, and the availability and advertising of smoking cessation products. The longitudinal nature of the data will also allow us to explore the impact of life course events such as fertility and marital breakup, as well as the impact of socioeconomic factors that vary across the life course, such as work status and income.