Resubmission novel bionanocatalysts and nanomagnets from solutions and metal bearing wastes

物质的性质在纳米尺度上发生变化，因为晶体表面的原子与埋在其中的原子具有不同的性质。纳米晶体具有大比例的表面原子，因此可以利用这些显示的性质，包括增强的催化/磁性。然而，它们在制造过程中是不稳定的，并且难以制造，因为它们想要结块。当这种情况发生时，他们的财产就丢失了。可以通过使用分子“摇篮”来防止团聚。这是困难和昂贵的：摇篮必须保护每个纳米颗粒免受其邻居的影响，但允许一些区域保持暴露。细菌表面提供了良好的摇篮。金属纳米颗粒是由细菌酶作用，并由当地的生物分子，因为他们生长，个别，在细菌表面摇篮。实例是贵金属（PM：Pd、Pt、Au）和铁（氧化物）。PM被细菌还原成金属状态。氧化铁以各种矿物形式存在，这些矿物形式是通过细菌作用和细菌影响的“反应空间”中的化学反应的组合来制造和选择的。最终的结果是负载型催化剂和磁体，其纳米尺寸具有特殊性能。传统上，PM是很好的化学催化剂，而Fe氧化物是很好的磁体，但在纳米级上，这些区别变得模糊：钯是铁磁性的，而Fe氧化物具有催化活性。更好的是，混合PM/Fe纳米颗粒在两种应用中都比单一金属更好，但没有人试图生物指导混合纳米颗粒（称为金属或三金属簇）的合成。纳米粒子的不稳定性使得这在化学上非常困难。细菌可以从混合溶液中制造混合金属纳米颗粒，甚至可以通过从液体废物中清除金属来实现这一点。事实上，发现一些细菌结合的三金属化合物具有比单纳米晶体更好的催化性质。这可能是由于侵入的金属迫使晶体结构发生变化，因此“埋藏”的原子被说服认为它们更像表面原子。类似的变化也可以通过在晶体合成期间和之后施加电磁场（EMF;介电处理）来实现，但这在以前没有尝试过。细菌上稳定的纳米颗粒加上介电处理的组合可以制造出新一代的超级纳米颗粒，远远超过我们已经拥有的。我们的目标是确定使用我们的细菌组合作为纳米颗粒合成和支持的催化剂来制造全新材料的潜力。有些细菌减少PMs，有些产生氧化铁，有些两者兼而有之。我们将通过生物制造纳米化学催化剂（PMs）、纳米磁体（Fe），交换得到PM-magnets和Fe-催化剂，然后将它们联合收割机结合，制成新型的PM/Fe杂化材料。我们将把我们制造的东西与我们如何制造它联系起来，即细菌活性/表面特性和制造的晶体。工业合作伙伴将介电处理生物纳米粒子，以进一步增强其性能，与卡迪夫的合作将使用电子显微镜，以便能够看到我们所做的，直到原子水平。我们将在大学里对生物纳米材料进行催化和磁性测试，以对抗商业标准材料。我们将主要使用纯金属溶液和细菌菌株进行基础研究。最后，用最好的细菌，我们将简要地看看由采矿废物（Fe）和工业废物（Pd/Au）制成的新型生物纳米材料的例子，因为我们知道这些材料可以更好地工作。我们将使用多功能的细菌，也有一些通过适当的突变增强

The property of matter changes at the nanoscale, because atoms at the surface of a crystal have different properties from those buried within it. Nanocrystals have a large proportion of surface atoms so these revealed properties could be utilised, including enhanced catalytic/magnetic properties. However they are unstable during manufacture and are difficult to make because they want to agglomerate. When this happens their properties are lost. Agglomeration can be prevented by using molecular 'cradles'. This is difficult and expensive: the cradle must shield each nanoparticle from its neighbours, but allow some area to remain exposed. Bacterial surfaces provide good cradles. Metallic nanoparticles are made by bacterial enzyme action, and cradling by local biomolecules as they grow, individually, on bacterial surfaces. Examples are precious metals (PMs: Pd,Pt,Au) and iron (oxides). PMs are reduced by bacteria to the metallic state. Fe oxides exist in various mineral forms which are made and chosen via combinations of bacterial action, and chemical reactions in the bacterially-influenced 'reaction space'. The net results are supported catalysts & magnets with special properties attributable to their nanosize. Traditionally PMs make good chemical catalysts, and Fe-oxides make good magnets, but at the nanoscale these distinctions blur: palladium is ferromagnetic while Fe oxides have catalytic activity. Even better, hybrid PM/Fe nanoparticles are BETTER in both applications than single metals but nobody has attempted to bio-direct the synthesis of hybrid nanoparticles (called bimetallic or trimetallic clusters). The instability of nanoparticles makes this very difficult indeed using chemistry. Bacteria can make mixed metal nanoparticles from mixed solutions and they can even do this by scavenging the metals from liquid wastes. Indeed, some bacteria-bound trimetallics were found to have better catalytic properties than mono- nanocrystals. This may be due to the intruding metal forcing changes in the crystal structure so that 'buried' atoms are persuaded to think that they are more like surface ones. Similar changes could also be brought about by application of electromagnetic fields (EMF; dielectric processing) during and following crystal synthesis but this has not been tried before. A combination of stable nanoparticles on bacteria plus dielectric processing could make a new generation of supernanoparticles, far in advance of what we already have. We aim to define the potential for making completely new materials using a portfolio of our bacteria as the catalysts for nanoparticle synthesis, and support. Some bacteria reduce PMs, some make ferric oxides, some do both. We will biomanufacture nanoscale chemical catalysts (PMs), nanomagnets (Fe), swop to get PM-magnets and Fe-catalysts and then combine them to make novel PM/Fe hybrids. We will relate what we make to how we make it, i.e the bacterial activity/surface properties and the crystals made. The industrial Partner will dielectric-process the bionanoparticles to further enhance their properties and a collaboration with Cardiff will use electron microscopy to be able to see what we have made, down to the atomic level. We will do example catalytic and magnetic testing of the bionanomaterials in the Universities against commercial standard materials. Mainly we will use pure metal solutions and bacterial strains for fundamental study. Finally, with the best bacteria, we will briefly look at example novel bionanomaterials made from mining wastes (Fe) and industrial wastes (Pd/Au) since we know these can work even better. We will use multifunctional bacteria and also some enhanced by mutations as appropriate