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这和一个同伴项目（Z01 HD001123）研究灵长类动物的听觉交流。这些研究的总体目标是从发育、神经机制、内分泌因素和社会背景等方面全面了解灵长类动物的听觉交流。松鼠猴和普通绒猴这两个物种是研究的主要对象，并酌情从其他物种收集额外数据。本项目从生物声学和行为学的角度研究灵长类动物的交流，重点是在自然环境中产生的发声的详细声学结构，以及结构差异与年龄，性别，经验和反应选择性差异的关系，以及社会背景和遗传背景等更广泛的因素。今年的新发现：在一项旨在确定普通绒猴一系列行为表达背后的遗传因素的新举措中，对婴儿哭声进行了详细分析，以确定由兄弟姐妹，家庭成员或其他遗传相关个体共享的声学标记。一个叫凯伦拉德的暑期IRTA研究员雷文（康奈尔大学开发的一个软件程序？s Bioacoustics Program）来测量婴儿哭声的声谱显示上的特定点，然后在Microsoft Excel中编写一个宏，从这些测量中计算出19个参数。共测量了41名婴儿的1646次哭声。从分析中得出了高度的个性化。这意味着每个婴儿的哭声在声学结构上有足够的差异，以掩盖可能的家族相似性。进一步的分析表明，这种高度的个性是发现时，所有的发声从一个特定的个人都包括在分析中，但在很大程度上消失时，一个较小的子集的呼叫使用。在一个较小的子集中，有可能显示出来自给定父母的婴儿的叫声的强烈相似性。未来的工作将比较父母和婴儿的叫声，以测试家族声音特征的代际传递。

This and a companion project (Z01 HD001123) investigate auditory communication in primates. The overall goal of these studies is to provide a comprehensive understanding of primate auditory communication in terms of development, neural mechanisms, endocrine factors, and social context. Two species, the squirrel monkey and the common marmoset, are the main subjects of study, with additional data collected from other species where appropriate. The present project studies primate communication from a bioacoustic and ethological perspective, focusing on the detailed acoustic structure of vocalizations produced in natural settings, and the relationship of structural differences to differences in age, gender, experience and response selectivity, as well as the broader factors of social context and genetic background. New findings this year: In a new initiative to determine the genetic factors underlying expression of a range of behaviors in the common marmoset, infant cries have been analyzed in detail to identify acoustic markers that are shared by sibs, family members or other genetically related individuals. A Summer IRTA Fellow, Karen Ladd, used ?Raven? (a software program developed at Cornell University?s Bioacoustics Program) to measure specific points on sonagraphic displays of infant cries, then wrote a macro in Microsoft Excel that calculated 19 parameters from these measures. A total of 1646 cries from 41 infants were measured. A high degree of individuality came out of the analysis. This means that there were sufficient differences in the acoustic structure of the cries of each infant to mask possible familial similarities. Further analysis indicated that this high degree of individuality is found when all of the vocalizations from a particular individual are included in the analysis, but largely disappears when a smaller subset of calls are used. With a smaller subset, it is possible to show a strong resemblance in the calls of infants from a given parentage. Future work will compare the calls of parents and those of infants, to test for inter-generational transmission of familial vocal traits.