Localized and distributed real-time fMRI approaches to facilitate self control in

摘要 实时功能磁共振成像(RT-fMRI)的最新进展使新的行为 成瘾治疗和大脑对治疗反应的同步成像。通过RT-fMRI， 治疗过程可以成为多模式和适应性的，其中认知行为干预本身 可以与反应灵敏的大脑共同进化。以一种前所未有的方式，自我控制可以是 由自身神经活动发出的信号引导的。为此，我们提案的主要目标是 三倍。首先，我们将扩展、评估和改进我们现有RT-fMRI系统(LaConte Et)的功能 等，2007年--附录A)。其次，考虑到线索诱导的渴求和认知的深刻差异 控制药物滥用的开始、维持和停止，我们应用RT-fMRI来减少神经 与渴望相关的激活，并增加与认知控制相关的神经激活。第三，我们 将评估实施RT-fMRI神经反馈以帮助维护的可行性和有效性 寻求治疗的药物使用者的禁欲。 因此，我们应用程序的首要目标是使用与渴望和 认知控制，以形成可由物质有效调节的最佳神经反馈信号 帮助施虐者进行自我控制。我们预计，实现这一应用程序的目标将导致技术和 治疗创新有待在随后的全面研究中进一步进行。 R21阶段(第1年和第2年)的具体目标将提供相对优势的评估 关于个体调节能力的局部和分布式RT-fMRI方法和定量结果 功能磁共振成像-使用认知控制和缓解渴望策略的计算机接口。因此，我们的目标是： 1.扩展和优化我们现有的实时fMRI反馈系统的功能。 2.在实时环境中对线索诱发渴求和认知控制的神经信号进行调制。 R33阶段(第3年、第4年、第5年)的具体目标将为R21提供关键的实验控制 并将探索将分布式和局部化方法结合起来进行RT-fMRI的方法。我们还将 评估在寻求治疗时使用基于功能磁共振成像的神经反馈促进戒烟的可行性 吸烟者，为未来的大规模研究获得假设生成数据。因此，我们的目标是： 3.改善神经反馈信号，并使用控制任务验证这些信号。 4.在寻求治疗的吸烟者中试点实施神经反馈的可行性和有效性。

ABSTRACT Recent developments in real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) enable novel behavioral therapies for addiction and the simultaneous imaging of the brain's response to treatment. With rt-fMRI, the therapeutic process can become multi-modal and adaptive, wherein a cognitive behavioral intervention itself can co-evolve with a responding brain. In a manner that has never before been possible, self-control can be guided by signals from one's own neural activity. Toward this end, the broad goals of our proposal are threefold. First, we will expand, evaluate, and refine the capabilities of our existing rt-fMRI system (LaConte et al., 2007 - Appendix A). Second, given the profound differential roles of cue-induced craving and cognitive control on the initiation, maintenance, and cessation of substance abuse, we apply rt-fMRI to decrease neural activations associated with craving and increase neural activations associated with cognitive control. Third, we will assess the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing rt-fMRI neurofeedback to aid in maintaining abstinence in treatment-seeking substance users. Thus, the overarching goal of our application is to use neurobehavioral states associated with craving and cognitive control to develop an optimal neurofeedback signal that can be efficiently modulated by substance abusers to facilitate self-control. We expect that achieving the aims of this application will lead to technical and therapeutic innovations to be further pursued in subsequent full-scale studies. The Specific Aims for the R21 phase (years 1 and 2) will provide an assessment of the relative advantages of localized and distributed rt-fMRI methods and quantitative results on how well individuals can modulate fMRI-computer interfaces using cognitive control and craving alleviation strategies. Thus we aim to: 1. Expand and refine the capabilities of our existing real-time fMRI feedback system. 2. Modulate neural signals of cue-induced craving and cognitive control in the real-time environment. The Specific Aims for the R33 phase (years 3, 4, 5) will provide critical experimental controls to the R21 findings and will explore methods to combine distributed and localized approaches to rt-fMRI. We will also assess the feasibility of using fMRI-based neurofeedback to facilitate smoking cessation in treatment-seeking smokers, obtaining hypothesis-generating data for future large-scale studies. Thus we aim to: 3. Improve neurofeedback signals and validate these signals using control tasks. 4. Pilot the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing neurofeedback in treatment-seeking smokers.