Characteristics and Contexts of Bystander Helping for Alcohol-Related Risk among Emerging Adults

摘要 与酒精有关的风险在年轻人中最高，这个年龄段的人最有可能接触到 他们的同龄人酗酒。年轻人也受到同龄人的高度影响，这两种行为都是高危行为。 以及亲社会行动。旁观者的帮助是同伴影响潜在危险酒精的一种方式 消费环境可以减少对风险人群的伤害。旁观者帮助是指当 一个有问题的事件的目击者介入以某种方式进行干预，但旁观者的帮助一直- 当危险饮酒是目标行为时进行调查。为了开发干预措施， 在年轻人社区中有效地利用同龄人的影响减少伤害，研究必须 关于与酒精有关的事件的情况，特别是那些有能力 做旁观者的帮手。借鉴了关于性侵犯和欺凌预防的旁观者干预研究， 我们建议调查旁观者帮助购买有害酒精的背景和条件 使用是自然而然的。本研究的目的是调查事件水平(目标1)和个体 不同(目标2)旁观者帮助应对同伴酗酒相关风险的预测因素，并进行调查 帮助方法与旁观者和同伴结果之间的关系(目标3)。关注社区 与咨询小组和试点阶段接触，在这一阶段，我们将最后确定程序和评估， 我们将进行一项评估研究，样本为年轻人(N=200；年龄18-25岁)，性别均衡 并在种族/民族方面反映美国，谁将报告他们接触到其他人危险饮酒的情况 使用生态瞬时评估(EMA)方法对它们的环境进行了28天的测试。参与者将 在他们自己的智能手机上完成随机和早上的报告，收集关于酒精的信息- 相关行为目击、社会背景、表现出危险行为的人的特征、 那个人和旁观者之间关系的性质，旁观者自己的状态，包括他们自己的状态 醉酒程度、干预的感知障碍、使用的旁观者策略、任何旁观者的结果 帮助，以及对表现出危险行为的人的后果。每晚的调查都会拉 转发上一次调查的信息，以便评估随后的观察结果；以及 晨间调查将进一步评估观察到的风险、行为反应和结果。使用的方法 在基线评估和定向期间，包括社交网络访谈，将促进简要介绍， 准确和私密的EMA报告。我们预计从这次调查中获得的信息将有助于 为暴露在危险环境中的个人制定有效培训的实质性途径 饮酒他人。

ABSTRACT Alcohol-related risks are highest in young adulthood and this age group is most likely to be exposed to the alcohol use of their peers. Young adults are also highly influenced by their peers, both for high-risk behaviors and for prosocial actions. Bystander helping is one way that peer influence in potentially dangerous alcohol consumption circumstances can reduce harm to those at risk. Bystander helping is the phenomenon when witnesses to a problematic event step in to intervene in some way, but bystander helping has been under- investigated when hazardous alcohol use is the target behavior. In order to develop interventions that effectively leverage peer influence for harm reduction in the young adult community, research must be conducted on the circumstances of alcohol-related events, and specifically the experiences of those who could be bystander helpers. Drawing from bystander intervention research on sexual assault and bullying prevention, we propose to investigate the contexts and conditions under which bystander helping for hazardous alcohol use occurs naturalistically. The aims of this research are to investigate the event-level (Aim 1) and individual difference (Aim 2) predictors of bystander helping in response to peer alcohol-related risk, and to investigate the relationship between helping approaches and bystander and peer outcomes (Aim 3). Following community engagement with an advisory group and a pilot phase in which we will finalize procedures and assessments, we will conduct an assessment study with a sample of young adults (N = 200; ages 18-25) balanced on gender and reflecting the US in race/ethnicity, who will report on their exposure to the hazardous drinking of others in their environment for 28 days using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods. Participants will complete random and morning reports on their own smartphones that will collect information about alcohol- related behavior witnessed, the social context, the characteristics of the person showing the risk behavior, the nature of the relationship between that person and the bystander, the bystander’s own state including their own level of intoxication, perceived barriers to intervention, bystander strategies used, outcomes of any bystander helping, and the outcomes to the person showing the hazardous behavior. Each evening survey will pull forward information from the previous survey to allow for assessment of subsequent observations, and morning surveys will assess further the risks observed, behavioral responses, and outcomes. Methods used during the baseline assessment and orientation, including a social network interview, will facilitate brief, accurate and private EMA reports. We expect the information derived from this investigation will contribute in a substantive way to the development of effective trainings for individuals who are exposed to the hazardous drinking of others.