Bystander Intervention for Alcohol-Related Risk Behavior: Instrument Development & Validation

摘要 酒精滥用在十几岁后期和二十五岁出头到二十五岁中期最普遍，而同龄人- 密集的环境是酒精使用及其相关后果的主要影响因素。大多数酒精 针对年轻人的预防和干预计划不包括同伴作为干预的一部分，以及 因此，不会导致文化变化。以亲社会理论为基础的旁观者干预培训 帮助，重点是教育人们有关危险情况的知识，并鼓励他们采取行动帮助他人 降低他们的风险。旁观者干预对预防有问题的饮酒的适用性是 很明显，但这一有希望的酒精干预新方向的发展受到了当前 缺乏对多重相关结构的有效和可靠的测量。具有专业知识的知名研究人员 在大学饮酒中，旁观者的干预，以及定性和定量的方法将使用来自 理论，目前的性侵犯旁观者干预措施，以及严格的混合方法方法 开发一套有效可靠的仪器用于酒精相关的旁观者干预研究 和编程。具体目标是：(1)识别与酒精旁观者相关的结构和相关 利用青壮年焦点小组(8组；N=参与者)进行调查的项目，(2)细化 使用单独样本(N=20)的认知访谈测量结构和条目，以及(3) 使用具有全国代表性的小组对衍生工具进行全面的心理测量评估 青壮年(N=600)。将作为起点的八个已建立的旁观者构造为： 乐于助人、同伴助人为乐的感觉和同伴对助人的认可、助人的意图、旁观者的自我 效力、帮助的障碍、干预的后果和旁观者行为。焦点群体分析 数据将包括由多个编码员对记录进行开放和轴向编码；认知访谈方法将 包括对项目内容的结构化调查和对调查措辞的定向修改；心理测量学 评估将使用因素分析、项目反应理论、重测信度、收敛和判别 对所有测量仪器进行有效性评估。这项提议有可能产生强烈的 影响，因为联邦指南现在建议在大学校园实施商务智能培训计划 为所有即将入学的学生。这项研究将产生一套心理测量学上合理的测量方法， 与旁观者干预方案的假定机制保持一致，从而确保方案的准确性 有必要进行评估和交叉研究比较，以建立更好的干预措施来解决酒精滥用和 它在年轻人中的相关问题。

ABSTRACT Alcohol misuse is most prevalent among individuals in their late teens and early to mid-twenties, and the peer- intensive environment is a primary influencer of alcohol use and its associated consequences. Most alcohol prevention and intervention programs for young adults do not include peers as a part of the intervention, and so do not result in culture change. Bystander intervention training, which is grounded in theories of prosocial helping, focuses on educating people about risky situations and encouraging them to take action to help others reduce their risk. The applicability of bystander intervention for prevention of problematic alcohol use is obvious, but the development of this promising new direction for alcohol intervention is hindered by the current lack of valid and reliable measures of the multiple pertinent constructs. Established researchers with expertise in college alcohol use, bystander intervention, and qualitative and quantitative methods will use guidance from theory, current measures from sexual assault bystander intervention, and a rigorous mixed methods approach to develop a battery of valid and reliable instruments for use in alcohol-related bystander intervention research and programming. The specific aims are to: (1) identify alcohol bystander-related constructs and related survey items utilizing focus groups with young adults (8 groups; N = 64 participants), (2) refine the measurement constructs and items using cognitive interviews with a separate sample (N = 20), and (3) conduct a thorough psychometric evaluation of the derived instruments using a nationally representative panel of young adults (N = 600). Eight established bystander constructs that will serve as a starting point are: readiness to help, perception of peer helping and peer approval of helping, intent to help, bystander self- efficacy, barriers to helping, consequences of intervening, and bystander behaviors. Analysis of focus group data will include open and axial coding of transcripts by multiple coders; the cognitive interview methods will include structured probes about item content and directed modification of survey wording; the psychometric evaluation will use factor analysis, item response theory, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity evaluation for all of the measurement instruments. This proposal has the potential to have a strong impact because federal guidelines now recommend implementing BI training programs on college campuses for all incoming students. This research will produce a set of psychometrically sound measures that will be aligned with the putative mechanisms of bystander intervention programs, thus ensuring the accurate program evaluation and cross-study comparison necessary to build better interventions to address alcohol misuse and its associated problems among young adults.