Ways of Making and Knowing: The Material Culture of Empirical Knowledge, London, 2005.

制造和认知的方式：经验知识的物质文化，伦敦，2005 年。

• 批准号: 0444302
• 负责人: Pamela Smith
• 金额: $ 1.11万
• 依托单位: Pomona College
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-04-01 至 2006-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0444302&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Ways; Making; Knowing; Material; Culture

Ways of Making and Knowing: The Material Culture of Empirical Knowledge A five-day conference, to be held at several collaborating institutions in London, 11-15 July 2005. Conference organizers are Pamela Smith (Pomona College); Amy Meyers (YaleCenter for British Art); and Hal Cook (Wellcome Trust Centre); with partners at several London institutions. Intellectual Merits The aims of this conference are to build on exciting new work in the history of material culture: 1) to continue to break down the common historiographical dichotomies between craftskill and scientific knowledge (otherwise given the label .practice and theory. and other suchphrases), and 2) to showcase some of the most suggestive new work demonstrating that natural knowledge flowed from an engagement with natural things, from artisanal practice to scientific analysis. The goals of the conference will be accomplished by bringing together historians of science and medicine, art historians, and museum scholars to learn more from one another through a program that mixes lectures with hands-on demonstrations. The Problem: From 1450 to the nineteenth century, many changes occurred in the ways in which knowledge of nature was obtained. New methods of study and new groups of knowers entered the discussions about natural knowledge. Until the end of the fifteenth century, natural knowledge was mainly the preserve of scholars trained in the texts of the ancients, of medicalpractitioners, and of artisans who produced objects; these groups tended not to engage with one another, but considered their own kinds of knowledge sufficient. This division began to breakdown in the Renaissance as artisans proclaimed themselves artist-geniuses and their patrons began to see a direct connection between artisanal productive abilities and expertise in natural knowledge; at the same time, especially in medicine, university curators began to urge learned professors toward making their knowledge useful. The emergence of the experimental philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries further broke down the distinction between artisanal and scholarly knowledge. Experts in the knowledge of nature largely incorporated into their own epistemology the empirical and artisanal view that knowing came from making and practicing: that working with natural things, whether by fabricating objects or by using nature's own products yielded true knowledge of the natural world. This new pursuit came to be called.experimental. philosophy and would eventually come to be called .natural science..Yet, for various reasons that were partially epistemological and partially sociological, many of the experimental philosophers continued to draw a distinction between theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. The view that craftspeople more or less mindlessly followed a collection of recipes or rules was taken over by historians of science who then assigned only a minor role to artisans in the production of knowledge about nature. Recent investigation into the workshop practices of artisans belies such a view of craft knowledge. A more intensive examination of workshop practices has made it clear that the methods of theartisan were neither rote nor fortuitous, but arose from conscious experimentation and artisanal theorizing. Such investigation has begun to delineate a vernacular epistemology and a vernacular.science. of matter. This vernacular understanding of matter appears to be informed by popularmedical and religious knowledge and practices.The first aim of the conference is thus to examine the ways in which crafts people and others involved in the production of material things from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuryconceived of their own knowledge and how they employed that knowledge in working with natural things. Broader Impacts. The conference will not only include scholarly presentations but also hands-on demonstrations of craft skills and apprenticeship for participants. Through presentations and demonstrations at the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and other popular venues, the project will reach large and diverse audiences. The PI also plans to organize walking tours and to distribute pamphlets as a means to engage the public in this project.

制作和了解的方式：* 将于2005年7月11日至15日在伦敦的几个合作机构举行为期五天的会议。会议组织者是帕梅拉·史密斯（波莫纳学院）、艾米·迈耶斯（耶鲁大学英国艺术中心）和哈尔·库克（惠康信托中心）;合作伙伴来自几家伦敦机构。 智力优势 这次会议的目的是建立在物质文化史上令人兴奋的新工作：1）继续打破手工艺和科学知识之间的共同史学二分法（否则给予标签。和其他类似的短语），2）展示一些最具启发性的新作品，证明自然知识来自与自然事物的接触，从手工实践到科学分析。会议的目标将通过汇集科学和医学的历史学家，艺术历史学家和博物馆学者，通过一个将讲座与实践演示相结合的计划来相互学习。 问题：从1450年到世纪，人们获得自然知识的方式发生了许多变化。新的研究方法和新的知识群体进入了关于自然知识的讨论。 直到15世纪末，自然知识主要是受古代文献训练的学者、医生和生产物品的工匠的专利;这些群体往往不相互接触，但认为自己的知识已经足够了。这种划分在文艺复兴时期开始瓦解，因为工匠们宣称自己是艺术天才，他们的赞助人开始看到手工生产能力和自然知识专长之间的直接联系;与此同时，特别是在医学方面，大学馆长开始敦促博学的教授使他们的知识有用。16世纪和17世纪实验哲学的出现进一步打破了手工知识和学术知识之间的界限。自然知识的专家们在很大程度上将经验主义和手工艺的观点纳入了他们自己的认识论，即知识来自于制造和实践：与自然事物一起工作，无论是通过制造物体还是使用自然自己的产品，都产生了对自然世界的真正知识。这种新的追求被称为.实验性的。哲学，最终被称为自然科学。然而，由于部分认识论和部分社会学的各种原因，许多实验哲学家继续区分理论知识和实践知识。工匠们或多或少地盲目地遵循一系列食谱或规则的观点被科学史家所接受，他们只认为工匠在创造关于自然的知识方面起着次要的作用。最近对工匠作坊实践的调查掩盖了这种工艺知识的观点。对作坊实践的更深入研究清楚地表明，工匠的方法既不是死记硬背的，也不是偶然的，而是源于有意识的实验和手工理论。这样的研究已经开始描绘一个本土的认识论和一个本土的科学。物质。这种对物质的本土理解似乎受到了大众医学和宗教知识及实践的影响。因此，会议的第一个目的是考察15世纪至19世纪手工艺者和其他参与物质生产的人是如何构思他们自己的知识的，以及他们是如何将这些知识应用于自然事物的。 更广泛的影响。 会议不仅包括学术报告，还将为与会者提供手工技能和学徒培训的实践演示。 通过在大英博物馆、维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆以及其他受欢迎的场所进行介绍和演示，该项目将接触到大量不同的观众。 PI还计划组织徒步图尔斯旅行团和分发小册子，以吸引公众参与这项计划。