Ways of Making and Knowing: The Material Culture of Empirical Knowledge, London, 2005.

制造和了解的方式：经验性知识的物质文化2005年7月11日至15日在伦敦的几个合作机构举行的为期五天的会议。会议组织者是帕梅拉·史密斯(波莫纳学院)、艾米·迈耶斯(耶鲁英国艺术中心)和哈尔·库克(惠康信托中心)；与几个伦敦机构的合作伙伴。知识价值这次会议的目的是在物质文化史上激动人心的新工作的基础上再接再厉：1)继续打破手艺和科学知识之间常见的史学二分法(否则将被贴上标签。实践和理论)。以及2)展示一些最具启发性的新作品，证明自然知识是从与自然事物的接触中流淌出来的，从手工实践到科学分析。会议的目标将通过将科学和医学历史学家、艺术历史学家和博物馆学者聚集在一起，通过一个将讲座与动手演示相结合的项目相互学习，从而实现会议的目标。问题：从1450年到十九世纪，人们获取自然知识的方式发生了许多变化。新的研究方法和新的知识群体进入了关于自然知识的讨论。直到十五世纪末，自然知识主要是受过古人、医学从业者和制造物品的工匠文本培训的学者的专有；这些群体倾向于不相互接触，而是认为他们自己的知识种类已经足够。这种分歧在文艺复兴时期开始瓦解，因为工匠们宣称自己是艺术家天才，他们的赞助人开始看到手工生产力与自然知识专业知识之间的直接联系；与此同时，大学策展人开始敦促有学问的教授将他们的知识发挥作用，特别是在医学方面。实验哲学在16世纪和17世纪的出现进一步打破了手工知识和学术知识之间的区别。了解自然的专家在很大程度上将知识来自于制造和实践的经验主义和手工观点纳入了他们自己的认识论：与自然事物合作，无论是通过虚构物体还是通过使用自然自己的产品，都产生了对自然世界的真实知识。这种新的追求后来被称为试验性的。哲学，并最终被称为自然科学。然而，由于各种原因，部分是认识论的，部分是社会学的，许多实验哲学家继续区分理论知识和实践知识。认为工匠或多或少无意识地遵循一系列食谱或规则的观点被科学历史学家取代，他们当时只赋予工匠在生产关于自然的知识方面的次要角色。最近对工匠作坊实践的调查掩盖了这种工艺知识的观点。对车间实践的更深入的审查清楚地表明，工匠的方法既不是死记硬背，也不是偶然的，而是源于有意识的实验和手工理论。这样的调查已经开始勾勒出一种白话认识论和一种白话科学。关于物质的。这种对物质的本土化理解似乎是从流行的医学和宗教知识和实践中获得的。因此，会议的第一个目的是考察手工业者和其他人从15世纪到19世纪参与物质生产的方式，以及他们如何利用自己的知识来处理自然事物。更广泛的影响。会议不仅包括学术演讲，还将为与会者提供手工艺技能和学徒技能的动手演示。通过在大英博物馆、维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆和其他受欢迎的场所进行演示和演示，该项目将接触到大量和不同的观众。国际和平协会还计划组织徒步旅行和分发小册子，作为一种让公众参与这一项目的手段。

Ways of Making and Knowing: The Material Culture of Empirical Knowledge A five-day conference, to be held at several collaborating institutions in London, 11-15 July 2005. Conference organizers are Pamela Smith (Pomona College); Amy Meyers (YaleCenter for British Art); and Hal Cook (Wellcome Trust Centre); with partners at several London institutions. Intellectual Merits The aims of this conference are to build on exciting new work in the history of material culture: 1) to continue to break down the common historiographical dichotomies between craftskill and scientific knowledge (otherwise given the label .practice and theory. and other suchphrases), and 2) to showcase some of the most suggestive new work demonstrating that natural knowledge flowed from an engagement with natural things, from artisanal practice to scientific analysis. The goals of the conference will be accomplished by bringing together historians of science and medicine, art historians, and museum scholars to learn more from one another through a program that mixes lectures with hands-on demonstrations. The Problem: From 1450 to the nineteenth century, many changes occurred in the ways in which knowledge of nature was obtained. New methods of study and new groups of knowers entered the discussions about natural knowledge. Until the end of the fifteenth century, natural knowledge was mainly the preserve of scholars trained in the texts of the ancients, of medicalpractitioners, and of artisans who produced objects; these groups tended not to engage with one another, but considered their own kinds of knowledge sufficient. This division began to breakdown in the Renaissance as artisans proclaimed themselves artist-geniuses and their patrons began to see a direct connection between artisanal productive abilities and expertise in natural knowledge; at the same time, especially in medicine, university curators began to urge learned professors toward making their knowledge useful. The emergence of the experimental philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries further broke down the distinction between artisanal and scholarly knowledge. Experts in the knowledge of nature largely incorporated into their own epistemology the empirical and artisanal view that knowing came from making and practicing: that working with natural things, whether by fabricating objects or by using nature's own products yielded true knowledge of the natural world. This new pursuit came to be called.experimental. philosophy and would eventually come to be called .natural science..Yet, for various reasons that were partially epistemological and partially sociological, many of the experimental philosophers continued to draw a distinction between theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. The view that craftspeople more or less mindlessly followed a collection of recipes or rules was taken over by historians of science who then assigned only a minor role to artisans in the production of knowledge about nature. Recent investigation into the workshop practices of artisans belies such a view of craft knowledge. A more intensive examination of workshop practices has made it clear that the methods of theartisan were neither rote nor fortuitous, but arose from conscious experimentation and artisanal theorizing. Such investigation has begun to delineate a vernacular epistemology and a vernacular.science. of matter. This vernacular understanding of matter appears to be informed by popularmedical and religious knowledge and practices.The first aim of the conference is thus to examine the ways in which crafts people and others involved in the production of material things from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuryconceived of their own knowledge and how they employed that knowledge in working with natural things. Broader Impacts. The conference will not only include scholarly presentations but also hands-on demonstrations of craft skills and apprenticeship for participants. Through presentations and demonstrations at the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and other popular venues, the project will reach large and diverse audiences. The PI also plans to organize walking tours and to distribute pamphlets as a means to engage the public in this project.