Ways of Making and Knowing: The Material Culture of Empirical Knowledge, London, 2005.

一个为期五天的会议，将于2005年7月11日至15日在伦敦的几个合作机构举行。会议组织者是帕梅拉·史密斯（波莫纳学院）；艾米·迈耶斯（Amy Meyers）（耶鲁大学英国艺术中心）；和哈尔库克（惠康信托中心）；与伦敦几家机构的合作伙伴合作。本次会议的目的是在物质文化史上令人兴奋的新工作的基础上：1)继续打破工艺技能和科学知识（否则就会被贴上标签）之间常见的历史编纂二分法。实践和理论。以及其他类似的短语),2)展示一些最具启发性的新工作，证明自然知识来自与自然事物的接触，从手工实践到科学分析。会议的目标将通过将科学和医学历史学家、艺术历史学家和博物馆学者聚集在一起，通过讲座和实际演示相结合的项目相互学习。问题：从1450年到19世纪，人们获取自然知识的方式发生了许多变化。新的研究方法和新的知识群体进入了关于自然知识的讨论。直到15世纪末，自然知识还主要是受古人典籍训练的学者、医生和制造物品的工匠的专利；这些群体倾向于不与彼此接触，但认为自己的知识就足够了。这种划分在文艺复兴时期开始瓦解，因为工匠们宣称自己是艺术家天才，他们的赞助人开始看到手工生产能力与自然知识专长之间的直接联系；与此同时，尤其是在医学领域，大学的管理者开始敦促博学的教授们让他们的知识变得有用。16和17世纪实验哲学的出现进一步打破了手工知识和学术知识之间的区别。研究自然知识的专家们在很大程度上把经验主义和手工主义的观点纳入了他们自己的认识论中，即认识来自于制造和实践：与自然事物打交道，无论是通过制造物体还是使用大自然自己的产品，都能获得关于自然世界的真正知识。这种新的追求后来被称为实验性的。哲学，并最终被称为。自然科学. .然而，由于部分认识论和部分社会学的各种原因，许多实验哲学家继续在理论知识和实践知识之间划清界限。这种观点认为工匠或多或少是无意识地遵循了一套食谱或规则，后来被科学历史学家所接受，他们认为工匠在生产有关自然的知识方面只起着次要的作用。最近对工匠作坊实践的调查证实了这种工艺知识的观点。对车间实践的更深入的研究表明，工匠的方法既不是死记硬背的，也不是偶然的，而是来自有意识的实验和手工理论化。这种研究已经开始描绘白话认识论和白话科学。的物质。这种对物质的白话理解似乎受到流行医学和宗教知识和实践的影响。因此，会议的首要目的是研究从15世纪到19世纪，工匠和其他从事物质生产的人是如何理解他们自己的知识的，以及他们是如何运用这些知识来处理自然事物的。更广泛的影响。会议不仅包括学术报告，还包括手工技能的实际演示和学员培训。通过在大英博物馆、维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆以及其他受欢迎的场所进行演讲和演示，该项目将吸引大量不同的观众。PI还计划组织徒步旅行和分发小册子，作为吸引公众参与该项目的一种手段。

Ways of Making and Knowing: The Material Culture of Empirical Knowledge A five-day conference, to be held at several collaborating institutions in London, 11-15 July 2005. Conference organizers are Pamela Smith (Pomona College); Amy Meyers (YaleCenter for British Art); and Hal Cook (Wellcome Trust Centre); with partners at several London institutions. Intellectual Merits The aims of this conference are to build on exciting new work in the history of material culture: 1) to continue to break down the common historiographical dichotomies between craftskill and scientific knowledge (otherwise given the label .practice and theory. and other suchphrases), and 2) to showcase some of the most suggestive new work demonstrating that natural knowledge flowed from an engagement with natural things, from artisanal practice to scientific analysis. The goals of the conference will be accomplished by bringing together historians of science and medicine, art historians, and museum scholars to learn more from one another through a program that mixes lectures with hands-on demonstrations. The Problem: From 1450 to the nineteenth century, many changes occurred in the ways in which knowledge of nature was obtained. New methods of study and new groups of knowers entered the discussions about natural knowledge. Until the end of the fifteenth century, natural knowledge was mainly the preserve of scholars trained in the texts of the ancients, of medicalpractitioners, and of artisans who produced objects; these groups tended not to engage with one another, but considered their own kinds of knowledge sufficient. This division began to breakdown in the Renaissance as artisans proclaimed themselves artist-geniuses and their patrons began to see a direct connection between artisanal productive abilities and expertise in natural knowledge; at the same time, especially in medicine, university curators began to urge learned professors toward making their knowledge useful. The emergence of the experimental philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries further broke down the distinction between artisanal and scholarly knowledge. Experts in the knowledge of nature largely incorporated into their own epistemology the empirical and artisanal view that knowing came from making and practicing: that working with natural things, whether by fabricating objects or by using nature's own products yielded true knowledge of the natural world. This new pursuit came to be called.experimental. philosophy and would eventually come to be called .natural science..Yet, for various reasons that were partially epistemological and partially sociological, many of the experimental philosophers continued to draw a distinction between theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. The view that craftspeople more or less mindlessly followed a collection of recipes or rules was taken over by historians of science who then assigned only a minor role to artisans in the production of knowledge about nature. Recent investigation into the workshop practices of artisans belies such a view of craft knowledge. A more intensive examination of workshop practices has made it clear that the methods of theartisan were neither rote nor fortuitous, but arose from conscious experimentation and artisanal theorizing. Such investigation has begun to delineate a vernacular epistemology and a vernacular.science. of matter. This vernacular understanding of matter appears to be informed by popularmedical and religious knowledge and practices.The first aim of the conference is thus to examine the ways in which crafts people and others involved in the production of material things from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuryconceived of their own knowledge and how they employed that knowledge in working with natural things. Broader Impacts. The conference will not only include scholarly presentations but also hands-on demonstrations of craft skills and apprenticeship for participants. Through presentations and demonstrations at the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and other popular venues, the project will reach large and diverse audiences. The PI also plans to organize walking tours and to distribute pamphlets as a means to engage the public in this project.