Standard Grant: The Role of Craft Skill in Scientific Practice

该奖项为哥伦比亚大学科学与社会中心的研究项目“制造与认知项目”提供支持。这项研究将学生、从业者、人文和社会科学学者、自然科学家、计算机科学和数字人文学科专家聚集在一起，参加正式的大学课程和一系列“专家众包”研讨会和工作组。该奖项将支持该项目的合作和教学驱动研究方法的进一步发展。它还将促进完成一份重要的法国手工和技术手稿的开放获取数字评论版和英文翻译。在这个项目之前，手稿从未被发表或广泛研究过。它包含了各种各样的食谱和说明，包括医学、金属加工、测量、弹道学、颜料和清漆制造、大炮铸造，以及对动物行为的详细观察。它为科学革命的早期阶段提供了一个重要的视角，当时，在一个制造即认知的时期，自然主要是由熟练的工匠通过不断和有系统的实验来研究的。开放获取的关键版本将使手稿对不同的受众开放，并允许他们通过文本、图像和视频体验历史技术的过程知识。NSF对该项目的支持将使研究团队能够继续进行实验室研究，以提高研究结果的准确性和加强分析，并将前三年的大量研究数据（目前以各种格式存储）转换为关键版本，以便在2019年进行数字出版。该项目采用跨学科方法研究手稿的书面和实践活动组合，包括手工重建食谱（使用历史相关材料，工具和过程）以及来自数字人文学科的新数据可视化和分析。因此，该项目正在创新跨学科合作和教学法驱动研究的模式，这些模式将被纳入研究和教学法模板，供希望在自己的研究和教学中实施该项目的方法的学者使用。该模板将作为关键版和项目网站的一部分免费提供。批评版也将免费提供给不同的观众。它将为极其有限的技术论文语料库增添一份罕见而重要的文本，从而为STS、科学技术史和其他学科的新学术研究提供丰富的证据。

This award provides support for the Making and Knowing Project, a research initiative of the Center for Science and Society at Columbia University. The research brings together students, practitioners, scholars of the humanities and social sciences, natural scientists, and specialists from computer science and the digital humanities in formal university courses and a series of "expert crowdsourcing" workshops and working groups. The award will support further development of the project's collaborative and pedagogy-driven research methodology. It will also facilitate the completion of an open access digital critical edition and English translation of an important French artisanal and technical manuscript. The manuscript was never published or extensively studied prior to this project. It contains a huge variety of recipes and instructions in areas as varied as medicine, metalworking, surveying, ballistics, pigment and varnish making, cannon casting, and detailed observations of animal behavior. It provides an important perspective into the earliest phases of the Scientific Revolution, when nature was investigated primarily by skilled artisans by means of continuous and methodical experimentation in the making of objects during a period when making was knowing. The open-access critical edition will make the manuscript accessible to diverse audiences, and allow them to experience the processual knowledge of historical techniques through texts, images, and videos. NSF support for this project will enable the research team to continue laboratory research to increase the accuracy and enhance analysis of research results, and to transform the extensive research data of the previous three years, which is now stored in a variety of formats, into the critical edition for digital publication in 2019. The project is researching the manuscript's assemblage of written and practiced activity by employing interdisciplinary methodologies, including hands-on reconstructions of the recipes (using historically relevant materials, tools, and processes) and new data visualization and analysis from the digital humanities. The Project is thus innovating models of cross-disciplinary collaboration and pedagogy-driven research that will be incorporated into a Research and Pedagogy Template for scholars who wish to implement the Project's methodologies in their own research and teaching. The Template will be freely available as a part of the critical edition and the Project's website. The critical edition will also be freely accessible to diverse audiences. It will add a rare and important text to an extremely limited corpus of technical treatises and thereby provide rich evidence for new scholarship in STS, the history of science and technology, and other disciplines.