Analysis of Formative Peruvian Materials

在国家科学基金会的支持下，汤姆·迪勒海博士将分析从圣路易斯遗址挖掘出的考古材料。圣路易斯位于秘鲁北部海岸，公元前1800至公元前900年间。在过去的圣路易斯工作中，迪勒海博士和他的同事们发现了两个建筑群，显然都与宗教功能有关。它们由U形结构组成，两翼从较大的中央土丘延伸而来。在挖掘其中一个的过程中，在每个机翼的地面上发现了烧焦的C形痕迹，调查人员认为罐子被倒过来了，里面的祭品被烧毁了。这些浅而完整的沉积物中含有大量的陶器和石器遗骸；还收集了动物和花卉样本。Dillehay博士认为，这种结构反映了一种双重社会组织的形式，现在应该检查收集到的材料，以检验这一假设。将对每个侧翼的各种有机物进行放射性碳测年，以确定这两个侧翼是否同时被占用。在过去的季节里，岩屑和陶瓷特征的类型学已经被开发出来，这些类型学将应用于陶瓷和岩屑遗迹。陶瓷属性-装饰图案、装饰处理和容器形状-将被仔细记录，以确定是否可以区分两个机翼之间的显著差异。为了确定是否可以使用痕量元素和中子活化分析来识别非本地血管，将研究一块碎片样本。对花粉和植物植硅体的检查应该提供对饮食和仪式活动的洞察。人类学家希望了解，在相对简单的技术水平上，个体如何被组织起来，形成功能齐全的群体。来自秘鲁的人种学和人种史证据表明，双重社会组织形式广泛。群体被分成两个相对的部分，其中一个主导另一个。这种双重的组织形式为社会认同和控制提供了基础。它建立了一个心理模板，个人可以在这个模板中定位自己与社会其他人的关系。在人种学上，这种形式很普遍，而且在世界其他地区也有一些不同的变体。然而，人类学家不知道这种模式是什么时候建立的，以及它是如何随着时间的推移而发展起来的。根据建筑学证据，一些考古学家推测U型结构与双重组织有关，但还没有人分析通过挖掘发现的材料来确定它们是否支持这种解释。迪勒海博士的项目将填补这一空白。这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。它将阐明一种重要的社会组织形式，并洞察它是如何随着时间的推移而发展的。它还将产生许多考古学家感兴趣的数据。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Tom Dillehay will analyze archaeological materials excavated from the site of San Luis which is located on the northern coast of Peru and occupied between 1,800 - 900 B.C. In past work at San Luis, Dr. Dillehay and his colleagues have uncovered two architectural complexes, both apparently associated with religious functions. They consist of a U-shaped structures with two wings which extend from a larger central mound. In the course of the excavation of one of them, burned `C` shaped marks were discovered on the ground of each wing and the investigators believe that pots were inverted and offerings burned within them. The shallow but intact deposits contained large amounts of ceramic and lithic remains; faunal and floral samples were also collected. Dr. Dillehay believes that the structure reflects a form of dual social organization and shall now examine the collected materials to test this hypothesis. A variety of organics from each wing will be radiocarbon dated to determine whether the two were occupied simultaneously. Typologies of lithic and ceramic traits have already been developed during past seasons and these will be applied to the ceramic and lithic remains. Ceramic attributes - decorative motifs, decorative treatments and vessel shapes - will be carefully recorded to determine whether significant differences between the two wings can be discerned. To determine if trace element and neutron activation analyses can be used to identify non-local vessels, a sample of sherds will be studied. Examination of pollen and plant phytoliths should provide insight into diet and ritual activity. Anthropologists wish to understand how, at relatively simple level of technology, individuals can be organized to form functioning cohesive groups. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric evidence from Peru indicate a widespread form of dual social organization. Groups are divided into two opposing halves with one dominant over the other. This dual form of organization provides the basis for social identity and control. It establishes a mental template within which individuals can situate themselves in relation to the rest of society. Ethnographically this form is widespread and is also known, in somewhat different variants, from other parts of the world. However anthropologists do not know when the pattern was established and how it developed through time. Based an architectural evidence, some archaeologists have postulated that U-shaped structures relate to dual organization but no-one has analyzed materials recovered through excavation to determine whether they support such an interpretation. Dr. Dillehay's project will fill just such a gap. This research is important for several reasons. It will shed light on an important form of social organization and provide insight into how it developed over time. It will also yield data of interest to many archaeologists.