Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Development of Early Household Inequality at Pirque Alto, Bolivia

在Marc Bermann博士的指导下，Andrew Tenpas先生将探索在后期形成时期（公元前1150年-公元600年），生产活动、对外联系和仪式活动在多大程度上构成了社会领导、地位分化和社区整合的基础，以及这些在中期时期（公元600年-1100年）是如何变化的。他将重点关注位于玻利维亚科恰班巴附近的小村庄Pirque Alto。从考古学的角度来看，这项研究很重要，因为它提供了对导致复杂的大规模社会发展的过程的见解。它还揭示了当今世界许多地方存在的小规模村庄的动态。这项工作将进一步了解如何维持社会融合。后期形成阶段是一个社会转型的时期，人口显著增长，经济集约化，社会等级增加，区域一级政治扩散。但是，不了解这些变化是如何在家庭和社区一级的进程中表现出来的。虽然科恰班巴谷进行了广泛的区域调查，揭示了一长段的职业序列，但挖掘主要集中在晚地平线遗址上，几乎没有对形成期到中地平线时期进行过家庭考古。由于缺乏对居住场所的社会政治和经济过程的系统调查，形成时期的主要发展只能以最一般的方式勾画出来。研究家庭在地位、消费和经济活动方面的差异将提供所需的数据，以便：(i)测试假设的“经济繁荣”，这种繁荣在后期形成时期和中期形成时期之间保证了科恰班巴的社会不平等和政治领导；（ii）评估史前农业社会的国内经济和变化的一般模型；（iii）测试目前关于科恰班巴人口通过与高地蒂瓦纳库帝国的互动所起作用的假设。该项目具有多重更广泛的影响。它将有助于加强美国大学与科恰班巴文化机构之间的合作关系，重点关注社区外展和反馈。这项工作还将进一步培训玻利维亚和北美的学生和考古学家，使他们掌握基本的实地工作技术，以便进行更高级的材料分析培训，并不断强调人类学和面向问题的研究。最后，该项目提供了科恰班巴考古迄今完全缺乏的两种方法：更加注重家庭过程和社区一级的调查。

Under the supervision of Dr. Marc Bermann, Mr Andrew Tenpas will explore the extent to which productive activities, external ties, and ceremonial activities formed the basis for social leadership, status differentiation, and community integration in the Late Formative period (1150 BC-AD 600), and how these changed in the Middle Horizon period ((AD 600-1100). He will focus on the small village site of Pirque Alto which is located near Cochabamba, Bolivia. The research is important from an archaeological perspective because it provides insight into the processes which led to the development of complex large scale societies. It also sheds light on the dynamics of small scale villages which exist today in many parts of the world. The work will further understanding of how social integration is maintained. The Late Formative phase was a time of societal transformation, with marked population growth, economic intensification, increased social hierarchy, and the spread of regional-level polities. It is not understood however how these changes were manifested in processes at the household and community levels. While the Cochabamba Valley has seen extensive regional survey, revealing a long sequence of occupation, excavation has largely focused on Late Horizon sites, and almost no household archaeology has been conducted for the Formative through Middle Horizon periods. Lacking systematic investigation of sociopolitical and economic processes at residential sites, major developments of the Formative can only be sketched in the most general way. Study of household variability in status, consumption, and economic activities will provide data needed to: (i) test a hypothesized 'economic boom' that underwrote social inequality and political leadership in Cochabamba between the Late Formative and Middle Horizon periods, (ii) assess a general model of domestic economy and change in prehistoric agricultural societies, and (iii) test current hypotheses concerning the role played in Cochabamba populations by interaction with the highland Tiwanaku empire. The project has multiple broader impacts. It will serve to strengthen collaborative ties between American universities and the Cochabamba cultural institutions, with community outreach and feedback a strong focus. The work will also further the training of Bolivian and North American students and archaeologists in basic fieldwork techniques to more advanced material analysis training, with constant emphasis placed upon anthropologically and problem-oriented research. Finally, this project contributes two approaches that are entirely lacking in Cochabamba archaeology to date: a greater focus on household processes, and investigation at the community level.