Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Development of Early Household Inequality at Pirque Alto, Bolivia

在Marc Bermann博士的指导下，Andrew Tenpas先生将探讨在形成后期(公元前1150-公元600)，生产性活动、外部联系和礼仪活动在多大程度上构成了社会领导、地位分化和社区融合的基础，以及这些在中期地平线时期(公元600-1100)是如何变化的。他将把重点放在玻利维亚科恰班巴附近的小村庄Pirque Alto。从考古学的角度来看，这项研究很重要，因为它提供了对导致复杂的大规模社会发展的过程的洞察。它还揭示了当今世界许多地区存在的小规模村庄的动态。这项工作将进一步理解社会融合是如何维持的。形成后期是社会转型时期，人口显著增长，经济集约化，社会等级增加，地区性政治蔓延。然而，尚不清楚这些变化是如何体现在家庭和社区两级的进程中的。虽然科恰班巴河谷进行了广泛的区域调查，揭示了长期的占领序列，但挖掘主要集中在地平线晚期遗址，几乎没有对形成时期到中地平线时期进行过家庭考古。由于缺乏对居住场所的社会政治和经济过程的系统调查，形成性建筑的主要发展只能以最一般的方式勾勒出来。对家庭地位、消费和经济活动差异的研究将提供必要的数据，以：(I)测试形成后期和中期科恰班巴社会不平等和政治领导的假想的“经济繁荣”，(Ii)评估国内经济和史前农业社会变化的一般模型，以及(Iii)通过与高原提瓦纳库帝国的互动，测试目前关于科恰班巴人口所起作用的假设。该项目有多个更广泛的影响。它将有助于加强美国大学和科恰班巴文化机构之间的合作关系，社区宣传和反馈是一个强有力的重点。这项工作还将促进对玻利维亚和北美的学生和考古学家进行基本实地工作技术方面的培训，使之成为更高级的材料分析培训，并始终强调人类学和以问题为导向的研究。最后，该项目提供了迄今为止科恰班巴考古完全缺乏的两种方法：更多地关注家庭进程，以及在社区一级进行调查。

Under the supervision of Dr. Marc Bermann, Mr Andrew Tenpas will explore the extent to which productive activities, external ties, and ceremonial activities formed the basis for social leadership, status differentiation, and community integration in the Late Formative period (1150 BC-AD 600), and how these changed in the Middle Horizon period ((AD 600-1100). He will focus on the small village site of Pirque Alto which is located near Cochabamba, Bolivia. The research is important from an archaeological perspective because it provides insight into the processes which led to the development of complex large scale societies. It also sheds light on the dynamics of small scale villages which exist today in many parts of the world. The work will further understanding of how social integration is maintained. The Late Formative phase was a time of societal transformation, with marked population growth, economic intensification, increased social hierarchy, and the spread of regional-level polities. It is not understood however how these changes were manifested in processes at the household and community levels. While the Cochabamba Valley has seen extensive regional survey, revealing a long sequence of occupation, excavation has largely focused on Late Horizon sites, and almost no household archaeology has been conducted for the Formative through Middle Horizon periods. Lacking systematic investigation of sociopolitical and economic processes at residential sites, major developments of the Formative can only be sketched in the most general way. Study of household variability in status, consumption, and economic activities will provide data needed to: (i) test a hypothesized 'economic boom' that underwrote social inequality and political leadership in Cochabamba between the Late Formative and Middle Horizon periods, (ii) assess a general model of domestic economy and change in prehistoric agricultural societies, and (iii) test current hypotheses concerning the role played in Cochabamba populations by interaction with the highland Tiwanaku empire. The project has multiple broader impacts. It will serve to strengthen collaborative ties between American universities and the Cochabamba cultural institutions, with community outreach and feedback a strong focus. The work will also further the training of Bolivian and North American students and archaeologists in basic fieldwork techniques to more advanced material analysis training, with constant emphasis placed upon anthropologically and problem-oriented research. Finally, this project contributes two approaches that are entirely lacking in Cochabamba archaeology to date: a greater focus on household processes, and investigation at the community level.